Tourism in Dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The travel industry in Dubai - Research Paper Example Sources demonstrate that Dubai is utilizing assets to take advantage of new developing markets, which permits them to bring their situation up in effectively settled/developedregions. This is being done in an offer to build the income the locale rounds up every year, while it plans to get one of the biggest traveler goals in the globe. This paper will break down the travel industry in Dubai, and the potential the district has as far as increment in development for various regions in the economy. In 2011, Dubai bragged an expansion in the quantity of visitors who visited inn lofts and inns. This is from roughly 8 million of every 2010, to more than 9 million visitors the next year. The activities set up ensure that the emirates is the spot to be once individuals choose to take some time off, occasions, or work excursions. The lively and dynamic nature of the travel industry segment is being reflected by the inns, lodging condos, and the voyage traveler liners that draw in more clients to the emirates (Nadeem 46). There are numerous components that become possibly the most important factor when the accomplishment of Dubai is referenced. The movement business is one territory that has had an influence in the development of the region’s achievement. Upgraded organizing makes it feasible for various areas to contribute and help in the accomplishment of the district. Dubai is presently equipped for contacting more individuals because of these assorted systems, which is supporting in the turn of events and development procedure of the UAE. There are guidelines that should be followed before visiting Dubai. As one of the seven emirates of the UAE, Dubai is one of the most prosperous locales in the Arab landmass. The travel industry part has had a great deal to do with this achievement, yet to grasp the idea of the locale; one needs to understand the guidelines that administer the area. It is difficult to access Dubai without a visa. Dubai can concede licenses to residents of specific districts upon appearance to the UAE, however they have limits. Likewise, guests might be permitted authorization to remain in the event that they get sponsorship from residents in the district, or any organization that might be authorized to work in Dubai. All these are manners by which the area can screen the going back and forth of remote people. Attention to the market introduced by Dubai is made each day for individuals to understand that there are enormous open doors in the area (Page 97). This causes it much simpler for individuals to gain admittance to the locale, expanding the odds of the region’s development. Socially, similarly as with any district, there are distinctive behavioralrestrictions that oversee individuals living in Dubai. Since the travel industry is blasting and is drawing in an enormous number of people of remote drop, lodgings and inn lofts note that a portion of the things that might be viewed as ordinary in other created nat ions may not really be typical in Dubai. A model would be the severe adherence of Muslim laws, regardless of whether one may not be subsidiary with the religion (Page 103). It is essential to follow a portion of the way of life, for instance; visits in the long stretch of Ramadan may require people not to eat or drink out in the open according to the custom of the individuals. Besides, respectability openly is viewed as an ethical commitment for people in Dubai. One is precluded from wearing bathing suits or even swimsuits, except if they are on the sea shore. Sightseers need to hold fast to these limitations whether or not they are Muslim or not. There are

Forest Essay Example for Free

Timberland Essay 1. The job of working memory in top-down perceptual handling is that the working memory is answerable for thinking and dynamic. It holds a lot of brief memory stores that effectively control and practice data. Hence working memorys job in top-down perceptual preparing Is that the view of more elevated level information given to top-down handling Is information from the working memory. The information required for top-down perceptual preparing to happen is created from the working memory in this way making working memory make light of a major job in top perceptual handling. 2. On the off chance that I was building up a general wellbeing effort to caution individuals about the risks of indulging and weight, I would put more accentuation on solid nourishments as opposed to a sound body size. Society esteems a thin body type and gives individuals the idea that heftiness is exceptionally ugly, and on account of this message individuals frequently begin eating less junk food and go over the edge with It. They become lost In their very own universe and believe that they can never be excessively thin, not understanding themselves how wiped out slight they have become. Likewise a few analysts accept that dietary issues can be realized by excessively requesting guardians or other family Issues. Concentrating on a sound eating routine instead of a solid body size would help balance the need to forestall weight with the need to abstain from expanding the danger of dietary problems. 3. Subsequent to viewing the film Forest Gump and watching the principle character Forest, he represents various parts of insight. I feel that Forest shows his comprehension about the world, he can think judiciously and he generally utilizes assets successfully when confronted with difficulties throughout his life, subsequently exhibiting his insight. Timberland exhibits his utilization of knowledge all through the film in any various manners. One significant test Forest is confronted with in his youth years is the leg supports he needs on account of his screwy spine. A considerable lot of the little youngsters he goes to class with see him as being unique and ridicule him on account of his leg supports. In the start of the film, Forest jumps on the transport for school and the children on the transport disclose to him all the seats are gone for as he strolls down the passageway. One young lady reveals to Forest that he can sit adjacent to her, and starting here on their companionship sprouts; Jenny and Forest become closest companions. Albeit Forest many be minimal moderate, he shows his insight from various perspectives. In the start of the film he is there for Jenny, he comprehends that her father doesn t treat her privilege and is extremely worried about her. At the point when she doesn t jump on the transport for school one morning, Forest goes to discover her; he comprehends and can think sanely in this circumstance. At the point when Forests mother dies after a fight with malignant growth, he comprehends that everybody lives at that point needs incredible some point. Timberland additionally shows viable Intelligence In this film from numerous points of view. Down to earth Intelligence Is the most seful estimation of Intelligence as per Stenberg; It Is Intelligence identified with in general achievements In llvlng. A tnougn Forest races cnallenges, ne Is still aDle to De exceptionally fruitful from multiple points of view appeared in this film. Woodland is fruitful in school in spite of the fact that he thinks it is befuddling on occasion. He gets the opportunity to be on the school football crew which he exceeds expectations in on the grounds that he can run quick. Woodland moves on from school and can Join the military and does well overall, he spares the lives of harmed men in the war they battle. Woods is amazingly acceptable at ping pong and gets the chance to be on the all American eam, he purchases an angling vessel and turns into an effective shrimp angler with Lieutenant Dan, and Lieutenant Dan puts resources into shares in Apple and gives cash to the congregation. In the long run, Forest and Jenny get hitched, Jenny kicks the bucket and Forest takes care of his child. All these are instances of viable knowledge indicating how fruitful Forest Gump is for an amazing duration despite the fact that he intellectually undermined. Parts of Gardners types of insight that Forest presentations are substantially sensation aptitudes; Forest can perform abilities utilizing his entire body, for example, moving, being on the ollege football crew, exceeding expectations at ping pong and significant distance running. Woods learned better by performing exercises utilizing his body instead of perusing data about how to do things since he had a higher type of substantial sensation aptitudes. Timberland additionally shows relational insight as he can associate with others effectively all through the film. A genuine case of Forest Gumps relational knowledge would be toward the finish of the film when he gets Jennys house torn down as a result of the feelings she connects with the house where she as mishandled at a youthful age by her dad. He likewise exhibited parts of intrapersonal knowledge by having faith in himself and communicating his feelings and love for Jenny and his child. He was additionally incredibly mindful of his body and brain permitting him to turn into a fruitful competitor in the film with football, running, and ping pong. Woods demonstrated naturalist knowledge by his consciousness of nature and his condition. A case of this is the point at which he disclosed to Jenny about Vietnam and how wonderful it was. He had the option to disclose things to Jenny by utilizing his striking memory about the nature around him.

Dawes, Charles Gates

Dawes, Charles Gates Dawes, Charles Gates dôz [key], 1865â€"1951, American statesman and banker, b. Marietta, Ohio. Admitted (1886) to the bar, Dawes practiced law in Lincoln, Nebr., until 1894 and became interested in various gas and electric companies. He was a member of the Republican executive committee in William McKinley 's presidential campaign (1896) and served (1897â€"1901) as comptroller of the Treasury. He organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois in 1902 and became a prominent figure in banking. After the United States entered World War I he was general purchasing agent of the American Expeditionary Force. In 1921 he was appointed director (the first) of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget (see budget ); in 1923â€"24 he was head of the reparations committee that advanced the Dawes Plan as a means of stabilizing postwar German finances. His work was recognized by the award (shared with Sir Austen Chamberlain ) of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Dawes served (1925â€"29) as Vice President under Calvin Coolidge . Herbert Hoover appointed him ambassador to London in 1929, and in 1932 he was made president of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation . His many books include Notes as Vice President (1935), A Journal of Reparations (1939), and Journal as Ambassador to Great Britain (1939). See biography by B. N. Timmons (1953). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Dissection Alternatives Essay - 2540 Words

Dissection Alternatives Dissection in science classrooms is an experience that almost every student has to go through, but one that many will regret. It is estimated that six million vertebrate animals are dissected in high schools each year, and another 5.7 million are used in college laboratories. The issue of educational dissection has become a national concern. Many groups such as PETA and The Humane Society have been lobbying for years to outlaw such practices, and implement new and safe dissection alternatives. Alternatives to dissection have become more popular in recent decades and may be the future of modern science and education. A dissection alternative is defined as an educational aid or teaching approach that replaces†¦show more content†¦They ruled that under her First Amendment rights Jennifer could object to the dissection on moral grounds, and therefore could not be forced to participate. Jennifer’s high school then instated a student choice policy so that students who chose not to participate in dissections would be offered a viable alternative. Now there are seven states that have informed consent laws regarding classroom dissection: Florida, California, Maine, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and New York. These laws require that students must be informed of a dissection lab at the beginning of a course, and if they wish, will be provided with an alternative. There are also two states where it is mandatory that students are provided with dissection alternatives: Maryland, and Illinois. There are also several nations that have banned educational dissection from their science curriculums. Argentina was the first in 1987, followed by Slovakia (1994), and Israel (1999). And in 2001, India banned the use of mice, rats, and frogs for any type of dissection purposes. The main issue with statewide dissection laws is that they only apply to elementary, middle, and high schools. Colleges and Universities are not required to follow each state’s policy. This can create many problems. At one particular University, the student choice policy for dissection may very from department to department or even from teacher to teacher. This can be very confusing andShow MoreRelatedBenefits of Dissection818 Words   |  3 Pages Dissection, by definition, is the pathological splitting or separation of tissue, according to Webster’s online dictionary. Beneath the simple definition lies an immense amount of controversy. This paper will provide pros and cons regarding ethics of dissection. Dissection has many benefits. The experience of dissection is unforgettable. â€Å"Things you can actually touch usually stick in your head better,† according to Dr. Damon Scoville. Dissection is an approach to science that creates a lastingRead MoreThe Clay Learning System-Maniken in My Anatomy and Phisiology Class971 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity in preparing of those goals. Clay modeling is an appropriate alternative to animal dissection for my students as it employs cooperative learning opportunities and a kinesthetic approach that is essential for their learning. The Anatomy in Clay has the potential to be used for almost every body system covered in Human Anatomy and Physiology. x The human Maniken clay-sculpting experience may be more effective than an animal dissection because the human-clay sculpting experience will engage the studentsRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On The Poor Treatment Of Animals1093 Words   |  5 Pagesanimal. Often animals may even be killed during or at the end of an experiment, but occasionally some may be used again in another test. Cosmetic testing prepares for human use and the products safety. In some cases, after considering accessible alternatives, companies may find that animal testing is necessary to verify the safety of a product. Animals are tested on skin creams, perfumes, lipsticks, nail polishes, eye and facial makeup, shampoos, and hair color for companies seeking to market new productsRead MoreIs the Killing of Animals for Research Okay? Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagestrials are conducted on humans. Tests on animals are done to establish safety levels for humans of known toxic substances (1:40). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although testing might seem like the most efficient way to gain knowledge in these areas, alternatives exist. The use of slides, films, computer programs, and models can fulfill the same job without any harm. For example, in vet schools the symptoms of strychnine poisoning were demonstrated by poisoning dogs and then put on a video tape. On theRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing Should Be Outlawed1110 Words   |  5 Pagesefficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. Animal experimentation has been going on since ancient Greece when Aristotle and Hippocrates first made their model of the human body based on what they had observed through animal dissection. Then, Romans used animals to do more psychological tests on animals like pigs, monkeys and dogs. After that, the Renaissance period took up physiological studies. Since then, the 20th century had a huge increase in animal testing until 1980 whenRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1331 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals in scientific experimentation. In today’s society groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) have continued these traditional fights as well as adding new agendas. These new agendas include hunting and fishing, and dissection of animals in science classes. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of animal experimentation and research, animals in the classroom, animal organizations and hunting. Along with these topics my personal opinion will be stated, before and afterRead MoreAnimal Rights : Animal Or Its Organs And Tissues Are Used1335 Words   |  6 Pagesanother drawback (Balls, 1994). 2. Three Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement Alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome some of the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs is being applied which stands for reduction, refinement and replace- ment of laboratory use of animals (Ranganatha and Kuppast, 2012). Different methods and alternative organisms are ap- plied to implement this strategy. The concept of replacement ofRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Its Effects On Human Life And Survival965 Words   |  4 Pagesadvantageous information. Animal experimentation is extremely criticized by the animal rights activists. They believe that deaths through research are considered unnecessary â€Å"Animals have right to live their own life peacefully† (David M. Haugen). Animal dissection is regarded as misleading. Thus, the critics of animal experimentation argue that the cruel animal experimentation is morally not different from murder. The arguments for and against animal experimentation are going to continue for some time. BeingRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Impact On The Environment2372 Words   |  10 Pageseven humans. The notion of animals being able to serve as a model for humans was supported by Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory in 1859 (Hawkins). Even prior to this theory, however, surgery on animals became popular in ancient Greece due to the dissection of human beings being considered as taboo (Franco). English physician William Harvey (1578-1657) disproved the common belief at the time that the lungs circulated blood throughout the body through his experience in animal experimentation (Ribatti)Read More Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesis recommended for aneurysms larger than 5 cm in diameter based on clinical studies in indicating that the risk of rupture within a five year period is 25% to 41%. There is also a high likelihood of limb loss from peripheral embolizati on. An alternative to surgical repair is endovascular aneurysm repair (Stoelting 143). It is important preoperatively to identify co-existing medical conditions. Two 14 gauge intravenous catheters should also be placed preoperatively. Coronary artery disease, hypertension

Is It Possible For A Small Piece Of Cloth - 879 Words

Is it possible for a small piece of cloth to kill several people? According to the Shakespearean play â€Å"Othello†, it is very possible. There are many factors that lead up to these deaths, but the handkerchief is the most significant. It is the most significant because of all the chaos it causes. Nevertheless, the play depicts a story about Othello and Desdemona, a couple that deems unacceptable in Iago’s eyes. Thus, Iago devises a plan in order to ruin their marriage. His plan includes stealing the handkerchief that was given to Desdemona from Othello. At this point it is clear that the handkerchief represents different meanings because of the suspense. The embroidered handkerchief gradually forms into a vital symbol in the play rather than a white rag. Therefore, the handkerchief is representative of different symbols for Desdemona, Othello, and Iago: love, faith, and betrayal. First of all, Desdemona views the handkerchief as a symbol of love. The handkerchief was given to Desdemona from Othello in the height of their relationship. Once she realizes that the handkerchief is missing, she feels like she has lost a part of her marriage because of the story Othello tells her. Othello tells Desdemona a story about an Egyptian gypsy who claimed that the handkerchief was a sign of love, but if it is lost, then disaster will strike (Carey 49). This myth proves Desdemona’s idea that the handkerchief is a symbol of love; however, it is assumed that disaster is about to strike, whichShow MoreRelatedSliding Friction Lab Report1230 Words   |  5 Pagesthat when a material is rougher, there is more sliding friction. When testing the smoothest material, masonite, it only took an average of 4.6 washers to have to block move significantly across the surface. When testing the in-between material, the cloth, it had in-between results. The average amount of washers w as 12.3. When testing the toughest material, sandpaper, it took an average of 18.6 washers for the block to move significantly across the surface. This is because with the smoother materialRead MoreThe Dead Soldier By Joseph Wright1210 Words   |  5 PagesDead Soldier. Wright, called Joseph Wright of Derby, a European artist of the eighteenth century, who is best known for his beautiful portraiture, scientific scenes, and sensationally lit landscapes, steps outside of his norm and composes a sorrowful piece expressing the misery and loss the war had on the people of the time. With his use of chiascurro, draping lines, and contrasting color palette, Wright evokes an immense amount of sentiment in the viewer while highlighting the dark misery of the AmericanRead MoreCalamansi as Stain Remover1663 Words   |  7 Pagesto create an environment- friendly cleaning solution using citrus extracts. With this investigation, we hope to find the answer to our problem; â€Å"Can we be able t o create an environment- friendly cleaning solution from citric acid? Hopefully, it is possible and we can be able to help be a factor of the movement against pollution. A. Background of the Study Citrofortunella microcarpa, the  Calamondin  or  Calamansi, is a fruit tree in the family  Rutaceae(Citrus Family)  native to the Philippine IslandsRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson915 Words   |  4 Pagesas sacrifice for their crops to flourish. Once all are together the town is gathered every head of the household draws a piece of paper from a black box for his or her whole family. No one is allowed to look at their piece of paper until all the heads of household have received their paper. Once every head of household has their piece of paper everyone looks at his or her piece of to see if they carry the paper with a black dot in the center. Whoever has the black dot in the center his or her wholeRead MoreHistory And Safety Regulations Of Ancient Egyptian Women1577 Words   |  7 Pagespapyrus or wool were recorded to have used softened aquatic grasses (Farage 101). Their Greek counterparts, as written by Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek physician, were said to have created internal plugs as well from lint wrapped around a small piece of wood. The ancient Romans, another civilized society were said to have used wool as well to catch their menstrual discharges. Still, other women in various regions of the world made use of flax, moss, seaweed, and various native plant fibers toRead MoreEssay Raphaels Portrait Leo X with Cardinals Guilio de Medici929 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst begins with the very basics of the portrait; what is contained within its canvas and why i t is there. From small clues such as these, he is able to lay the foundation for which theories and conclusions can be based. He first points out the location of the figures in the painting. Minnich believes that they are in a large room, seated before a green cloth on the wall, or cloth of honor. There is some speculation, however, as to exactly where this room is located. Several theorists, as wellRead MoreHow A Quilt Is Unique, And Prospects For Restoration1494 Words   |  6 Pagesof deterioration that can affect a quilt, it is important to find out what the specific problems are and what some possible solutions are. You can t un-do the ageing from normal use or previous poor storage conditions, but you can learn how to properly care for and store your heirloom to avoid causing additional damage. If you want to have an evaluation done, there will be a small fee charged. When you email for more information, you will receive an offer to email any pictures of your quilt andRead MoreEffect of the Steam Engine on the Industrial Revolution1475 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatly increased the productivity of mi nes, factory owners all over England started to induce the engines into their own clothing factories. Going by the new name of ‘steam-looms,’ these engines ran the weaving machines, which were used to weave cloth from cotton. People who tried to run the weaving machines by hand constantly struggled. It was next to impossible for hand-weavers to weave clothe evenly, creating rough weaves in the clothing, whereas with a steam-loom, clothe was created smooth andRead MoreThe American Flag: Symbol of the Vanishing American Dream1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthat America was a place of freedom, where you could do what you want, say what you want, and get a job or own your own land. For some, that dream became a reality, but for many of those immigrants, it has proven to be just that, a dream. Is this piece of cloth we hold in such high regard simply an ironic symbol or the American dream? Does it truly symbolize freedom and opportunity, or is it simply a token for those who want to flaunt their opinions and financial status.? Every person should have a certainRead MoreThe Brave And Heroic Workplace1592 Words   |  7 Pagesentire world when they’re saving you or your loved ones. They have a gentle touch because they have seen the unbelievable power of violence out of control. They respond to a child s laughter with joy because they, themselves, have held all too many small limp bodies that will never laugh again. In order for them to do the brave and heroic job they do, these men and women need special equipment to help keep them safe in the line of duty so they can save your life. In order for them to do the brave and

When Leadership And Policy Making Collide - 934 Words

When Leadership and Policy Making Collide Purpose of the Study Effective leadership is a must in any employment, especially in the school system. Principals must be very attentive at all times. Safe schools and a positive environment will enhance any student learning ability. Administration work very hard to help students stay on track in a positive manner. A single problem can lead to school disruptions and hurt the students learning environment. One principal experienced firsthand, how effective leadership makes a difference during school uniform policy implementation. Dress is a word that is roughly shielded as a custom of free speech under the first amendment of the Constitution. The higher courts acknowledged the position that schools reflect on the American people. In today’s society most states have laws which authorize schools to regulate dress code as long as it is connected to school environment or school safety. Superintendent and school principals has a tremendous task of making sure these provisions are followed by students and staff. How was the Study Conducted? The study was conducted in a rural school district at Valley View Middle School. The district population is 29, 235 students. Population comprise of 75.3% Caucasian, 21.6% African American, 3.1% Hispanic, and the remaining 2% are Asian, American Indian, or more than one race. The annual student parent income is $41, 154.00. At least 19.3% of student’s parent lives below poverty level. Valley ViewShow MoreRelatedCan Terrorism Ever Be Justified1677 Words   |  7 Pagesinjustice. While terrorists such as the impoverished minions of Al Qaeda or Abu Sayaff feel that their lives have been cheated by the big American Satan, what they do to take the lives of civilians elsewhere is, in fact, even more satanic than the policy makers in the White House refusing to end economic aid to developing countries. Apart from criticizing terrorism by measuring it according to the standard of universal human values of justice, we as a community of nations must also condemn it accordingRead MoreStrategy and Strategic Management2653 Words   |  11 Pagesin it. Corporate Strategy  - is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement. Business Strategy  - is concerned more with how a business competes successfully in a particular market. It concerns strategic decisions about choiceRead MorePresidents of The United States: The Short List2316 Words   |  10 Pageslast five surveys (1982, 1990, 1994, 2002, and 2010) has been ranked as the top chief executive of all the times that the United States has ever had (Sienna Research Institute 2) Dallek Robert in his book â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy† refers to Roosevelt as the American internationalist (21). He knew what the nation needed first and thus unemployment, financial and business collapse, and starvation made the foreign relations to become a secondary concern for his administrationRead More The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics Essay1756 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause of nursing organizations like the ANA. In this paper the ANA’s goals are described and tied to their ethical principles. The role and importance of the ANA’s ethical values are explored. A discussion of the ANA’s culture and ethical decision making is described. The ANA’s ethical values and how they support author’s ethical views is explained and last the ANA’s social responsibility to the community. ANA’s goals and ethical principles The ANA’s goals are to provide a unified focus of professionalRead MoreA Systems Approach to Small Group Interaction Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagesworking environment for all employees. Per the assignment the following topics will be covered as they pertain to the group which will be referred to as the DAPC: the relevant background factors, environmental factors, leadership styles and behaviors, communication factors, decision-making processes, and conflict styles and processing. Relevant Background Factors As stated previously, the DAPC is comprised of 15 members of both management and rank and file employees. Its membership is varied and willRead MoreHow Managing with a Global Mindset Essay2887 Words   |  12 Pagesglobalising world The globalisation process promoted significant changes in the businesses environment. In this context, global organisations have been the target of constant and intense transformations, which affect and require redefinitions of the leadership style adopted. These companies need global leaders, who are able to face the demands of a competitive and internationalised market (Adler, Brody and Osland 2001). Many multinational companies are facing a common challenge: the development ofRead MoreNative American Gangs During European Colonization1960 Words   |  8 PagesWithin 500 years the population was halved through disease and genocide. Today, Native American’s make up 5.2 million or 2% of the US population. This population has suffered the trauma of genocide, dislocation, poverty and oppression mostly through policies and confrontations with the federal government. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 started the systematic relocation of tribes away from coveted land rich in resources and began the process of forced assimilation of Native American people. Today, reservationsRead MoreBusiness and Culture3340 Words   |  14 Pagestype of organization should be created where diverse body of employees, customers and stakeholders are valued and integrated into all dimensions of the work. Companies must learn from the people they serve. Cross-Cultures in Business A business when try to gain international market or try to recruit international level workforce, then they should be remember in their mind about cross-cultural conflict in business. There are lots of advantages of cross cultural business and disadvantages too. Read MoreWork Place Observation and Culture3023 Words   |  13 PagesBank of America has rules and regulations setup and a management team to enforce these policies. 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Effects of Guanxi and Audit Independence

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Guanxi and Audit Independence. Answer: Introduction The following report constitutes the case of Health Care Holdings Group (HCHG) owning private hospital group like Shady Oaks Hospital, Gardens Nursing Home and Total Cancer Care. During the year ended 30 June, two material situations have been identified from the preliminary analysis done by Tania Fellowes. Accordingly, the report identifies and explains different type of potential threat to the Fellowes and Associates as per the given situation in consideration with the APES 110. Further, the report provides the probable actions that the audit firm can include in the audit procedures to eradicate the potential threats along with the necessary safeguards to eliminate the future risk threats. The first situation in the given case states the interest of one of the organizational accountant to join the audit team during the financial year 2014 that owns significant shares in HCHG. It has been stated that the interest of the accountant was not material to the organization. The second situation in the present case provides the previous engagement of the audit firm by HCHG in order to value intellectual property for the year 30 June 2014. According to the financial statement of the organization, value of intangible asset includes $30 million as per the valuation given by Fellowes and Associates as on 1 March 2014. Identification of Potential threats In view of the regulations under APES 110 on code of ethics for professional accountants, it is essential to comply the fundamental principles with respect to integrity, objectivity, confidentiality and professional competence. According to the section 290 under code of ethics for professional accountant, the auditor of the organization is required to follow the independence requirement for auditing the financial statements of the organization to determine the true and fair view (Chawla et al., 2015). Accordingly, in view of the first situation, intention of HCHGs accountant to be a part of audit team as well as ownership of organizations shares would lead to certain threats on the independence of Fellowes and Associates. The primary threat that Fellowes and Associates might experience would be limitation on the scope to verify the necessary documents and ledgers to examine the financial information. It is possible that the presence of companys accountant in the audit team would influence the audit procedures following substantive procedures and test of controls to check the accountability of the financial information (Garcia-Falires Herrbach, 2015). Further, involvement of organizational accountant in the audit team would affect the confidentiality on audit working papers in terms of audit procedures. In view of the second situation on valuation of intangible assets, it is significant to determine the fair value of the assets based on the standards of IFRS to determine the true and fair value of financial position (Al-Akra, Abdel-Qader Billah, 2016). Valuation of intangible assets amounted to $30 million has been done after the acquisition of subsidiary company Shady Oaks Hospital. Therefore, the potential threat for such valuation involves determination of fair value by considering the acquisition date and appropriate cost (Boyle, DeZoort Hermanson 2015). Correct valuation of intangible asset is important since it measures the business value and business growth hence; the availability of correct information on intangible assets to the audit team is a primary threat. In case the intangible assets like goodwill is purchased, then ascertainment of details on contract and third party confirmation is difficult for Fellowes and Associates (Taylor, Fan Tan, 2015). Necessary action and safeguard to eliminate the potential threats and future risk on independence In order to eliminate the potential threats for the two given situations, Fellowes and Associates audit team is required to consider certain actions as per the regulation of APES 110 on code of ethics. The audit team may state the objection on involvement of organizational accountant to avoid the risk of independence and disclosure of confidential information (Garcia-Blandon Argiles, 2015). Another action that the audit team can take to reduce threats in the first situation is communication with the organizational management and governance for providing all the necessary accounting records and documents. In view of the threats for second situation, audit team may take action for ascertaining necessary details on intangible assets along with the communication with the subsidiary parties (Chiang Chiang 2016). Further, audit team can prepare audit procedures for physical verification on the contracts of intangible assets to verify the significant details on true and fair valuation. However, in order to reduce the risk of independence audit team, it is recommended to institute the safeguard in terms of external review with third parties and former employees. Additionally, the audit team can incorporate physical verification by applying test of controls to determine the accountability and transparency of the organizational financial information and other documents (Roy, 2015). It can be said that the audit team of Fellowes and Associates can apply the professional judgment to measure the appropriateness of safeguard. Further, the audit team may include the safeguard by communicating with the former auditor of HCHG before accepting the audit engagement with the organization. Similarly, audit team is required to maintain the audit working papers in a confidential manner with respect to the audit procedures for nature, timing and extent of audit to avoid the future risk on independence of audit. Conclusion In view of the regulations of APES 110 for professional accounting and professional auditing, it can be concluded that the involvement of organizational employee in the audit team is material. As per the principles of section 290 under APES 110, it is important to follow integrity, confidentiality, professional competence and objectivity. According to the given situation, involvement of accountant in the audit team is against the requirement of code of professional ethics since it affects the confidentiality of financial information. Further, valuation of intangible assets is required to be considered to determine the true and fair value in accordance with IFRS and APES. Accordingly, Fellowes and Associates audit team would experience certain threats in terms of limitations on the scope of availability of proper documents and confidentiality on working papers as audit procedures. Therefore, the audit has been suggested to take actions by conducting physical verification, communicatio n and external review to eliminate the future risk on audit independence. Reference List Al-Akra, M., Abdel-Qader, W., Billah, M. (2016). Internal auditing in the Middle East and North Africa: A literature review.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,26, 13-27. Boyle, D. M., DeZoort, F. T., Hermanson, D. R. (2015). The Effects of Internal Audit Report Type and Reporting Relationship on Internal Auditors' Risk Judgments.Accounting Horizons,29(3), 695-718. Chawla, S. K., Khan, Z. U., Jackson, R. E., Gray, A. W. (2015). Evaluating Ethics Education for Accounting Students.Management Accounting Quarterly,16(2), 16. Chiang, C., Chiang, C. (2016). Conceptualising the linkage between professional scepticism and auditor independence.Pacific Accounting Review,28(2), 180-200. Garcia-Blandon, J., Argiles, J. M. (2015). Audit firm tenure and independence: A comprehensive investigation of audit qualifications in Spain.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,24, 82-93. Garcia-Falires, A., Herrbach, O. (2015). Organizational and Professional Identification in Audit Firms: An Affective Approach.Journal of Business Ethics,132(4), 753-763. Roy, M. N. (2015). Statutory Auditors' Independence in the Context of Corporate Accounting Scandal: A Comparative Study of Enron and Satyam.IUP Journal of Accounting Research Audit Practices,14(2), 7. Taylor, G., Fan, Y. H., Tan, Y. Y. (2015). Employee views of corporate tax aggressiveness in China: The effects of guanxi and audit independence.eJournal of Tax Research,13(3), 716.

Question Could assessment of purchase behaviour h Essays - Bacteria

Question: Could assessment of purchase behaviour help to identify the contaminated food commodity? Introduction to the case Most cases occurred in elderly males. June 2009 to January 2010 Signicance of the case The main route of transmission is known to be through consumption of contaminated food. However, infection can also (in very rare cases) be transmitted directly from infected animals to humans. The bacterium is particularly successful in causing foodborne disease, because it survives food processing technologies that rely on acidic or salty conditions, and, unlike many other pathogens, can continue to multiply slowly at low temperatures, allowing growth even in properly refrigerated foods Regulatory aspects -EU Directive 2073/2005. -Regulation states that L. monocytogenes must be absent from food, but can be present up to a limit of 100 CFU/g if the physicochemical prole of a food commodity prevents growth (the bacteria must not exceed 100 CFU/g food at the end of shelf-life; Anonymous, 2006). Since listeriosis is usually caused by a higher number of L. monocytogenes (10 5 CFU/g), the search began for a food item that fosters growth and that is predominantly eaten by elderly persons. smoked sh products, soft cheeses and cooked sausages What made outbreak investigations difcult? incubation period of listeriosis in humans can be up to 70 days, the outbreak pattern is quite scattered foodstuffs have usually been eaten or already thrown away before an outbreak investigation starts. -Collected grocery receipts of purchases made by seven patients in December 2009, and screened them for a common food item. -The survey of the purchase behaviour allowed us to generate a hypothesis that was then tested by a case-control study using case-case comparisons. - Patients were asked about consumption of 12 cheese products in the six-month period prior to disease onset. - Persons in the control group were requested to provide information on consumption of the same products and a parameter called the odds ratio' was computed Resolution and outcomes Clinical dynamics -Median age of the cases was 72 years (range: 57-89 years), and 26 patients were male. There were no materno-neonatal(-) cases. Prevalence of underlying disease in the case group was not different from the prevalence of underlying disease in the control group. Contamination rates of samples and recalled lots of Quargel Three out of 16 L. monocytogenes positive lots showed a contamination rate of 100 CFU/g at the beginning of the shelf-life when stored at 4 C. Nevertheless, by increasing the storage time or the storage temperature (15 C, 22 C) the contamination rate could be raised to 10. In general, storage at 4 C resulted in an average of 5.6 log units, a signicantly minor contamination rate compared with storage at 15 C or 22 C with mean log values of 7.2 and 6.8, respectively. Lower storage temperatures are supposed to slow down bacterial growth and may restrict amounts to non-harmful doses. This was not the case in this outbreak. Although there was an overall higher variation in the samples stored at 4 C than in samples kept at 15 C or 22 C, and even though the mean values differed signicantly, maximum levels were similar. This nding indicates a high potential for growth even when Quargel is stored at 4 C At-site contamination scenarios An environmental L. monocytogenes 1/2a isolate from the suspect production plant, from a gully (drainage pit) sample collected in December 2009, became available on 19 January 2010 and proved indistinguishable from the outbreak strain by genotyping. Commentary and personal reections -majority of outbreak investigations do not found the source. - The outbreak dynamics show clearly that a decline in case numbers does not necessarily imply that the underlying problem has disappeared. - a L. monocytogenes isolate from an environmental sample taken by the quality manager in the facility in May 2009 was the rst evidence of a contamination problem. - We hypothesize that L. monocytogenes was introduced into the plant during major construction work. -From 23 February 2009 until 27 May 2009, a ripening room in direct proximity to the central production facility was remodeled, and this coincides with the time of the rst documented detection of L. monocytogenes in a smear sample, allegedly after years of no microbiological proof of L. monocytogenes in the facility. - This nding emphasizes the unequivocal need for implementing a self-control system capable of detecting contamination -This strong recommendation becomes

Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay Example

Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay Example Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay Essay Topic: Ideas The Tempest The Tempest was Shakespeares last play written alone. He used it to express his thoughts on the structure of society, albeit through using certain characters as a mouthpiece. These characters include Gonzalo and Prospero. To begin with, the society on the island consists only of Prospero, Miranda, Caliban and the spirits, which only appear to Prospero. One theme in the play is the idea of usurpation, which is shown several times throughout. One of Calibans reasons for hating Prospero is his idea that Prospero usurped him as ruler of the island. This is made clear as early as Act 1 Scene 2, when Caliban says This islands mine, by Sycorax my mother, which thou takst from me. Antonio also usurped Prospero as Duke of Milan, Stephano wishes to be king of th isle and Sebastian plots to kill Alonso to become King of Naples. On the island, it seems that all social restraints are removed. Antonio and Sebastian would never have dared to plot to murder Alonso back in Italy. The anonymity of the island means that the characters genuine feelings are shown, rather than hidden. This is shown by Antonio and Sebastians conversation. Draw thy sword: one stroke Shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest/And I the king shall love thee.. And also by Gonzalos speech. I think that the play also has messages about colonisation of countries for the British Empire. This is due to the fact that at the time new countries were still being discovered by British explorers like Walter Raleigh. The idea of a ship of nobles landing on an unknown island and disturbing the natives (Caliban) is evocative of the explorers at the time. This does not necessarily mean that Shakspeare is showing his disapproval of colonisation; he could just be including it as a way for the audience to relate the plot to England at the time. Gonzalos speeches in Act 2 Scene 1 are the main indicator of Shakespeares social idealism within the play. He begins by saying Had I plantation of this isle. Here Gonzalo is speculating on the possibilities of the island. However, this also shows that even old, kind Gonzalo wishes for power and control, thus consolidating power as a central theme within the play. Letters should not be known seems at first to suggest that there would be no formal education or even use of written language on the island, but seeing as this could be Shakespeares utopia expressed through Gonzalo, this doesnt appear to make sense. Shakespeare made his living through writing, and so I think that it seems more likely they are referring to names, or the class system, where everyone was judged by their lineage. However, it is significant that at the end of the play, Prospero chooses to give up his magic and return to Italy, and Italian society, where he will in be in charge as is his birthright. This would sat isfy Prosperos need for power. Whilst on the island, Prospero has learned how to become a good leader. This is shown by the way in which he tells Miranda by delayed exposition that those (his magic) being all my study, I cast government upon my brother. This quotation implies that Prospero knows he paved the way for his brother to take over. It also shows that he now knows he was a neglectful leader, which shows some humility, perhaps meaning that his character has changed since being marooned on the island. Gonzalo muses on creating a commonwealth on the island, with no sovreignty, in the presence of the King of Naples. This is quite startling in its outspokeness, and starts to disabuse us of the notion that Gonzalo is just a kindly old fool. This gives us another parallel between Shakespeare and Gonzalo, as Gonzalo voices his commonwealth idea in front of the king, and Shakespeare is sending this message out in front of an audience that could very likely have included royalty. Also, I believe that Prospero presents some ideas of society too. He is a very dominant character, speaking the epilogue, which is unusual for a main character in a Shakespeare play. Prospero manipulates the characters and shapes the story, and is almost always totally in control. This helps to show the manipulative elements in his character. The Tempest tells the story of Prosperos usurpation, and, to put it simply, the plot to get his dukedom back. Prospero presents himself as a victim of his brothers ambition, but it is later shown to us that Prospero was a poor ruler, far more interested in his books than in looking after his country, as is shown but the words those being all my study/ the government I cast upon my brother. Already, due to his dukedom, Prospero is cast in the role of leader. We know that Shakespeare has portrayed him as neglectful of his duties during his reign. This could be a comment on the negative points of having one all powerful leader, as Prosperos charact er does have several negative elements in. He is controlling (quotation), and petty, he threatens Caliban, saying to-night thou shalt have cramps/Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up Prosperos controlling nature manifests itself in his desire to keep everything happening exactly when and how he wants it. When Miranda and Ferdinand begin to fall in love (as he planned) he says They are both in eithers powers/ But this swift business/ I must uneasy make. He needs it to happen exactly as he planned. Another example of this would be when Ariel asks for his liberty. Instead of asking Ariel for a few hours more, Prospero shows his autocratic nature by reminding Ariel of how he rescued him, and how he can punish him again. The small society on the island that Prospero has created for himself, Miranda and Caliban has him has the head of it. Both Caliban and Miranda obey him, and there is no-one to question his authority. Although he refuses to free Ariel and enslaves Caliban, he never actually intends to harm anyone. This is shown by his question to Ariel But are they, Ariel, safe? It also seems like Ariel actually has the power on the island, as Prospero needs him to work his magic. The way he rules on the island could, therefore be likened to the way we are told he ruled in Milan, where although it was actually him that was the Duke, his brother ruled the country. This idea of society that Prospero has created on the island is that of a single all-powerful ruler. Prospero is eager to return to Naples and the rigid social structure of Italian high society. I believe that this is because the small, relaxed society on the island did not satisfy his need for power over others. He does relinquish his magic, however, which was the main source of his power on the island. I feel that this is because he knows that when he is back in Italy he will not need magic powers to control people, as he will be the rightful duke, and this will be respected by members of Italian society. This also is another example of how important the theme of power is. In conclusion, I think that the island is a microcosm of society, and due to its size, and the small number of people on there, everything is concentrated. For example, Sebastians desire to be King would probably have been suppressed back in Italy, but on the island it is not.

Narrative of the life of Fredric Douglass Essay

Narrative of the life of Fredric Douglass - Essay Example Douglass remembers how Aunt Hester was whipped without remorse until blood flowed from her back. This incident terrified Douglass who hid in a closet to avoid the horrible sight. Douglass had lived with his grandmother before coming to work here and now he realized how grisly life was on the plantation. The plantation owned by Colonel Lloyd as Douglass describes was a â€Å"great business place† (20). Colonel Lloyd was extremely powerful and authoritative in the area mainly because he kept a large number of slaves ranging between 200 and 300, and he also owned the surrounding farms. Two of the surrounding farms were Wye Town and New Design. These two farms were overseen by Noah Willis and Mr. Townsend respectively but were ultimately under the control of Colonel Lloyd who advised and managed these farms. This was a place where arguments regarding slaves were resolved and it was also the place where the salves received their quota of food and clothing. A fixed quota of food and clothing was given. The monthly food allowance consisted of 8 pounds of pork or fish and a bushel of corn meal (Douglass, 20). For clothing, the yearly allowance consisted of 2 linen shirts, 1 pair of trousers and another pair for winters, a jacket, a pair of stockings and shoes. Children’s allowance was paid to their mothers or caregivers. Those children who worked on the farm often got clothes that faded before the year ended. So, most children often had clothes that hardly covered their bodies. Colonel Lloyd replaced Mr. Hopkins with Mr. Austin Gore as the overseer of the farm where Douglass worked. Mr. Gore was a very cruel man which earned him the position of an overseer at Colonel Lloyd’s farms. Douglass remembers a time when Mr. Gore was punishing a slave named Demby when only after a few lashes, Demby ran into a creek in order to avoid the whipping. Demby was given a warning by Mr. Gore who said that he would be shot if he did not come out in 3 calls. Demby di d not and so he was shot by Mr. Gore without a second chance. Douglass was soon sent from the plantation to Baltimore. He describes the moment of freedom as a very happy moment of his life. Douglass no longer had to work for his cruel old master and now he was sent to work for Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Auld who were the in-laws of Colonel Lloyd's son-in-law, Mr. Thomas Auld. Douglass had to take care of their son, little Thomas. Douglass describes Mrs. Auld as being a very kind and pleasant lady. She was â€Å"was entirely unlike any other white woman† Douglass had seen (Douglass, 28). After Douglass arrived at Baltimore to work for them, Mrs. Auld began giving him reading classes. She taught him the alphabets A, B, C, and how to spell a few words. However, Mr. Auld soon found out and stopped her from teaching Douglass. This acted as a cue for Douglass for his journey from slavery to freedom and he appreciated that. Soon after his arrival in Baltimore, Colonel Lloyd's son, Richard di ed. Douglass' old master Captain Andrew also died leaving behind only Master Andrew and his sister, Lucretia. Thus, it became extremely important to get a valuation of the property so that the land could be equally divided between the remaining offspring. Douglass was also sent to be valued as a property which stimulated a feeling of dislike within Douglass. All slaves including men, women, and children were valued along with other properties including far

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the Assignment

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the GCC countries - Assignment Example However, the concentration of the studies is in developed economies their analysis focuses on the impact oil price shocks have on stock returns. To determine the link, there should be an assessment of the changes in the prices of crude oil and the effects of such changes on the equity returns especially in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The assessment is both at country-level and industry-level. Studies show that the stock market in most of the GCC countries shows a significant response to oil price shocks. As per the industries, the shocks have a significant impact on returns of several industries (Mohanty, Nandha, Turkistani, and Alaitani, 2011). A conclusive study of the impact oil prices have on stock prices in GCC countries is, therefore, necessary. There GCC is composed of Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. The Countries mainly import manufactured goods from other developed and developing nations. Any fluctuations in oil prices could therefore indirectly cause effects to GCC markets as they affect the prices of the products they import. A rise in prices of oil may lead to changes in interest rates and all types of investment. The effects of oil price shocks on the returns of stock depend more on how the negative and positive effects outweigh each other (Ravichandran and Alkhathlan, 2010). The GCC stock markets have limitations such as smaller number of listed firms, low sector wise diversification, and large institutional holdings. A key point to note is that GCC countries depend on oil to different extents and the efforts towards diversification, and economic liberalization differs in the different countries (Arouri, Lahiani, and Bellalah, 2010). That is despite them having several charac teristics in common. Among the six members of the GCC, there is a positive relation between changes in oil prices and stock market returns in three countries. The countries are Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab

Impact of Leadership Styles on Job Satisfaction of Nurses

Impact of Leadership Styles on Job Satisfaction of Nurses Every day nurses have the responsibility for the health as well as the well being of their patients and therefore to ensure a continuity of the patient care each every nurses on a unit work tougher to ensure that they achieve the shared goals. The cohesive team thus work diligently to promote then patent health, safety and recovery and to achieve such unity nursing manager coordinates and supervises all the interactions that go on between all the team members he is in charge of (Longerich, et al 2003).Nurse leaders may be nurses mangers who are responsible for one nursing unite or a nurse executive held responsible for all the in-patient nursing units. Nurse steam leaders achieve their roles by applying the various nursing leadership style which include: transformational, transactional as well as dynamic leadership. A combination of more than one leadership style is often considered more effective but a single type also serves the intended purpose depending on the situation that the leader is in (Mahoney, 2001). Background The nursing professionals faces one of the greatest challenges of developing future leaders as powerful leadership skills are required all nurses i.e. those responsible for providing direct acre to those in the top management position for example anyone looked upon as an authority ranging from a nurses taking care of a patient to those responsible for giving assistance to others. All of them are considered s leaders. Another difficult that faces leadership for health care professionals is that most of the leadership theories were not developed based on the healthcare context but rather with in the business context then applied to healthcare. A clinical nursing leader is involved in direct patient care as well as offers a continuous improvement of the care by influencing others. Leaders have skills, task which they utilize to as an attitude that inform behavior leading to consistent superior performance with long-term benefits to all those involved. Leader s not alloy control other but are more of visionaries who serve to helping employees to lead, plan, organize and control their activities (Jooste, 2004). In the past decade shelf life of leaders in the health service has halved and instead of working in environments that encourage creative thinking especially about the future of health care there is one that consists of vast paper trails that are characterized by motions masquerading as activity. Thus the luxuries of personal lives for the senior staff are tumbled upon especially in some of the healthcare organizations where 60- hours working in a week has become quite normal. This situation has made some health care staff to no longer work for patients but rather to be motivated by pronouncements from government representatives , media expose an even on the latest scandal regarding misuse of public money (Woolnough, 2002). Health care system has witnessed different parts of the health organization focus on different things which is often marred with poor coordination across the various departments with objectives being sandwiched between keeping costs down with efforts to increasing patient services. Such in-coordination as been felt by the hospital administrators especially at times when demands for administrative services increases and thus administrative jobs are cut. Making choices require certain amounts of freedom, thought, actions, time for weighing options, as well as time for reviews of such decision, unfortunately in health cares leaders lack such luxuries as the reliable, easily accessible and relevant information they require to make decision is often not unavailable. Further more resources and time that is essential for such responsibilities is missing and this affects much of the health care leaders who are driven by gut feeling which is linked to strong sense of personal values regarding what is right, just and reasonable(Outhwaite, 2003). Irrespective of the countries which healthcare leaders operate they are always expected to fulfill the following roles: being a diplomat, a visionary, politician, conflict resolver, coach, figure head as well as a human being failure to which no leader can claim to the title. as a matter of fact most leaders face the pressures of sharing a little pieces of themselves with anyone that ask for it, in addition to that healthcare leaders face real dilemmas regarding several issues like ways of radically changing their organizations without any guarantees of success despite the well planned changes and being able to accept the consequences of their actions, working with political agendas or legislations which they disagree with and also accept the consequences, apportioning of resources of the available as fairly as possible while also accepting the consequences, saying no when they want to say yes and also accept the consequences ,trying to act ethically yet sometimes leading to failures and knowing that despite their selfless effort someone some how cries foul. In addition to that healthcare leaders are faced with challenges of making decision like making choices regarding decisions on acting on absolute principle or creative several flexible responses, to keep particular services or to discard them, having a open organization and developing closer ties with the service users yet at same time having little or no control over the eventual outcomes, to continue to lead or not (Outhwaite, 2003). Failure to act in decisive manner by healthcare leaders may lead to general delay action for instance lack of medical and nursing action in the review of requested treatment in admission leads to inaction on the part of delivering the treatment. The pivotal role of the leader may be overshadowed by fear of unjust critism which result to delayed decision which its ultimate consequence of having to deal with sense of failure and guilt. Leadership Leadership can be defined as the process of influencing others, meeting goals by obtaining the co-operation from those around them and acquiring the resources to achieve their goal. To be a leader you must make a decision to act; doing so requires skill, knowledge, energy, vision and self-confidence (Tappen, 2001). On the other hand, leadership may not be obvious or visible process of influencing others, but the very leadership features within the individual may trigger other people to act according the leading person. Carney (1999) defines leadership as persuading others to pursue a common goal by setting aside individual concerns, while Marquis Huston (2000) states that leadership is made up of authority and accountability. They define authority as the power one has to direct the work of others and accountability as well as the moral responsibility that comes with the position of leadership. Majority of existent theories pays attention to leadership as a personal feature which is more or less helpful when achieving goals within the organization and not for individual goals. However, this paper work would focus on both parts as leadership in nursing field requires the same amount of attention to the work of organization and the individual as well. In other words, if adding all definitions together, we get the idea that leadership involve influence on others, authority, achievement of goals through command work and the leaders moral responsibility. The basic question is how the leader arranges his / her priorities, the job of staff, atmosphere, etc. Leadership theories Trait theory Much has been written about the differing leadership styles and theories over the last seventy years. Many leadership theories have evolved over the last century starting with Trait theory. It is based on the assumption that some people possess personality traits which single them out as natural leaders and those who possess such traits should be nurtured into leadership positions (Marquis Huston, 2000). However, this theory was abandoned by the 1940s as no set of consistent traits could be identified and thus research focused on the behavior and attitudes of managers based on the assumption that leadership styles are based on specific behavior. (Sellgren et al, 2006) Nowadays, many ideas of trait theory are rejected as psychology studies provided evidence that leadership though appears as every individuals feature is not that helpful when trying to nurture it so this theory now has only historical rather than practical importance. Behavioral theory Research on leadership has shifted focus from leadership traits to leadership behavior (Bass, 1981 cited in McNeese-Smith, 1996). Behavioral theories particularly focus on what a leader does (Whitehead et al, 2007). This approach was adopted from the 1950s onwards following two major studies by American universities. It looked at what a leader does and what he / she should do, what is leaders role when facing certain problems, the behavior exhibited by leaders and the influence of leadership style on a groups performance. Research into behavioral theory was based on the premise that each leader has a style based on their personality, they experience and education (Ekvall, 1992 cited in Sellgren et al, 2006). Also, the theory was interested on leaders interaction in group work, and how members of the group react to each other and especially, the leading figure. For further analysis, the leaders behavior can be separated into three main leadership styles Authoritarian, democratic and Laissez-faire (Tappen, 2001). Leadership style is related to the amount of control or freedom which the leader affords to the group (McCarthy, 1998). Authoritarian Authoritarian leaders keep most of the authority and make most of the decisions without much consultation with the group. Autocratic leadership style does not allow group participation and does not nurture creativity. This may have the effect of de-motivating the team members in the long term (Whitehead et al, 2007). In some cases it can even be said that autocratic leader does not even need a group work; all what matters is groups ability to follow the orders. Authoritarian style can however, be useful in situations where group participation would be counter-productive or where rapid decisions need to be made. Still, rapid decisions do not guarantee success, so this type of leadership in many cases is rarely acceptable. There are certain researchers nowadays who examine the leadership and leaders behavior of important historical figures. They draw a conclusion that many presidents, politicians and generals of the past were good authoritarian leaders as the very lifestyle back then were based on social status and the power within the society (Whitehead et al, 2007). Education also played an important role and the good leader was the one who could lead the whole nation to success by making decisions on his own. Fortunately or not, nowadays this type of leadership is often treated as unacceptable behavior rather than type of leadership. Democratic This style of leadership takes the opinions of the group into account. The decision making is shared with the group paying attention to every single critique and comment from other members of the group. This style encourages group participation and exercises general, rather than close supervision. (Carney, 1999) In other words, it is all seen in the very word democratic; the leader within the group is seen as more important figure than everyone else, but the leader himself / herself is responsible for creating a feeling of equality; work in such group usually would be followed by friendly and positive atmosphere as every individual in the group would be seen in many cases as more important figure than the very problem they are solving. Possible drawbacks may be that democratic leaders are only strong when every individual feels strong in the group, but some leaders are not capable of withstanding their opinion if it may damage the atmosphere within the group. Despite that, these case s are rarely discussed as after such incidents the authority of the leader may be diminished and the group would be searching for other leading figure. Laissez faire In this style the leader allows the group to determine their own way of working and does not provide much direction, feedback or decision making. This type of leader is passive and non-directive; he / she provide little support for the group and in fact may turn requests for help and support back to the group in general (Tappen, 2001). Some groups require passive leader, who in a way will took all responsibility, but actions and decisions would be made by other people in the group. It does not necessarily suggest that this kind of leadership is provoked by group members; the leader should be conscious about the situation and accept that. Some behavior researchers and psychologists even points out that this type of leadership requires more psychological knowledge and personal strength than others; not many people would allow such freedom for the group without being afraid to accept full responsibility of their actions (Tappen, 2001). In more recent times, research carried out by Kouzes Posner (1988) and Bass (1995) showed interesting results about leadership behaviors. They studied over 1,300 leaders and have identified five different leadership behaviors: Challenging the process: these are leaders who are innovative and experimental; their work should be a challenge. Inspiring a shared vision: Intuitive leaders who picture the future and enlist others to become involved; Enabling others to act: these are empowered and supportive leaders who build trust and team work; Modeling the way: Leaders who act as role models, setting a good example and practicing what they preach; Encouraging the heart: Leaders, who support their followers, recognize and reward their accomplishments, though some researchers nowadays questions methods of leading the group through rewards (especially material). These leadership behaviors are very useful and can be used as independent variables to measure both the managers opinion of their style of leadership and that which is perceived by those they manage. This in turn can be used as an indication of employees satisfaction with their managers style. Situational leadership theory This leadership theory is based on the premise that leadership style should be determined by the situation or the individuals involved (Marquis Huston, 2009). The differing leadership styles of situational leadership proposed by Hersey et al (1997) are based on the maturity or readiness of the follower. They set out four levels of readiness ranging from low (unable or unwilling) to high (able, willing and competent) and depending on the level of the follower the leaders style is directive, coaching, supportive or delegate in approach. There would be helpful to present an example which would illustrate this theory better. For example, the leader who is working with group of people which is known to him / her would follow absolutely different steps or provide different behavior when working with other group of people which he / she has not met before. That is because new people would consciously or not question presented leaders authority, their working methods may contradict the meth ods by which leader chooses to act, etc. In other words, this theory focuses on the new direction which was not discussed before the conflict between group members and leader when facing certain new issues, or anything at all what is innovative and not known how to deal with. Situational leadership stresses out the importance of leaders actions in new situations where group work has to be organized very carefully (Hersey, 1997). Charismatic Theory (Transactional and Transformational leadership styles) New leadership styles have developed in more recent times and that involves the transactional leadership and transformational leadership, both of which are part of Charismatic theory (Rafferty, 1993). In rapidly growing health sector, these kinds of leadership are especially notable up to the present day. Transactional leadership is characterized by bargaining, it emphasizes the organizations goals while recognizing the rewards that people value. Once goals have been achieved the leader rewards those who helped to achieve them (Lindholm et al 2000, Carney 1999). It seems as a very fair method to focus on goals rather than rewards; the sequence of actions is very strict, showing that efforts would be rewarded only if they were effective. Transformational leadership has charisma as its focus. The leader provides the vision, instilling a sense of pride in achievements, while gaining trust and respect from the group. Transformational leadership raises both leader and follower to a high level of motivation and morality as both shares a common value according to Burns (1978) who coined the term. In other words, both leader and the follower are on the same level, the main distinction is who leaded who to such level. To shortly sum up, this theory basically was called charismatic as leader must be able to build up the strategy consciously and think ways of how group can effectively be included into achievement of necessary goals. Servant leadership One of the more recent leadership concepts is Servant leadership. This style is very different to traditional views of management where the organizations needs take precedence. Servant leadership is concerned with service to the follower as opposed to engaging followers to support organizational goals (Stone et al, 2004). Servant leaders take into account their followers needs first and this in turn empowers them to achieve organizations goal. This also sometimes brings problem of inequality in light as the leaders needs and the followers would be of very different level. Thus, one side could feel in a way used but in many cases feelings would not be considered that important as many problems are solved in formal style and achievement of goals is the only satisfactory solution. This theory was called servant for various reasons very few literature provides the origin of such concept, as the fact that organizations word is always the last, is quite natural itself (Carney, 1999). To sum up these kinds of leadership theories, the short evolution of leadership studies it is seen that analysis provides numbers of exceptions, and ambiguities. Every theory and every type of leadership can be understood and interpreted differently considering every individual. Leadership is necessary in group work to achieve certain goals, but nothing can guarantee or provide an easy pattern to do so. However, after this discussion we now would be focusing on another part of this paper analysis; in what forms leadership appears in nursing field and how leadership styles can help to achieve personal or institutional goals and bring satisfaction for the job. Leadership styles in Nursing What is clear from the literature is that no one style of management and leadership is consciously used within nursing as a specific method to cope with certain issues that nurses and ward managers are facing. However, what emerges is that predominantly health care has moved away for the traditional autocratic style and towards a combination of transactional and transformational leadership. A study of 71 Irish Health Managers carried out by Armstrong (1999) found that over half used transactional and transformational leadership. The reasons are quite obvious. The period of time shows that the research is quite new and nowadays autocratic leadership is usually interpreted negatively. Transactional and transformational leadership, however are more effective in nursing field as such kind of leadership showed great success in institutional work (Avolio, 1988). Nurses in general, aims to helping people, and these two styles of leadership are emphasize the co-operation with other people; g roup work and care for others is extremely important to get successful results. Nowadays in nursing field other models are rarely seen as effective and though it can be said that democratic leadership is also very common, it usually appears in the group of nurses excluding their direct leader the employer. Democratic leadership often occurs where leader is not the one with higher status, but the one which is chosen by the group as the most reliable or so on (Bass, 1995). In a study carried out by Lindholm et al (2000) he found that more than half of managers interviewed exhibited a combination of both transactional and transformational leadership styles and these managers appeared to experience fewer management problems, less resistance to change and greater support from other professional groups within health care. What is not really acceptable is that these studies do not provide enough information about minorities, who are using different leadership styles. Although, it is only natural to state that leaders who uses different methods or have mixed qualities, often are said to be better than those who can be applied only to one pattern. The Hay group, an international management consultancy firm which carried out a study of leadership styles in seven NHS trusts in Brittan sets out six leadership styles which are prevalent in nursing (Kenmore, 2008): Directive: A leader who instructs staff on what to do without consultation, this often seems as autocratic style, though also can be the transactional or transformational leadership style leader; Visionary: The leader who provides long term guidance and vision for the future, the team work is important and especially the trust for a leader; Affiliative: This leader creates harmony within the team as other way the achievement of goals would be not as effective as needed; this style is especially good if the certain group is going to co-operate in the future, they would find ways to achieve goals effectively together as a team; Participative: A leader who generates ideas and develops staff commitment; it is an active leader who also works in a group though he / she clearly states who is the leader; Pace-setting: This leader promotes high standards and task accomplishments as he / she finds the reward as the best way to motivate his group; statistics show that money as motivation is not the most important part for job satisfactory, but still this kind of leaders are quite common; Coaching: A leader who promotes self-development and further education; it is a sort of investment in group for facing future tasks; also very effective if the team would work together for a long period of time. The Hay group found that the most effective ward managers are flexible in their approach and used a variety of these leadership styles in order to get the best performance from their staff (Kenmore, 2008). However there is no comparative study of leadership styles carried out within Irish nursing on this scale which identifies an opportunity for further research in order to gain better understanding in the Irish context. In Ireland the National Clinical Leadership Programme (2008) was set up by the Office of the Nursing Midwifery Services Directory (ONMSD) to assist nurse managers to develop leadership skills which support the new and expanded ways of delivering quality patient care. This programme was adopted from the Royal College of Nursings (RCN) Clinical Leadership Programme framework which aims to develop transformational leadership qualities in participants (Clinical Leadership Pilot Evaluation Report, 2008). The theoretical framework focuses on: Learning to self manage Developing effective relationships Patient focus Networking Political Awareness This leadership programme has since been developed further by the ONMSD to become the National Leadership Development Project. This project has developed competencies which promote clinical leaders. These, the ONMSD believe, are the key to providing better care and developing leadership within nursing. This pilot project commenced in March 2011 with the completion date set for 2012. (NLDP, 2010). So far, this project received positive reviews by many researchers of health care studies and the nurses themselves. Defining Job satisfaction history and current thoughts Job satisfaction is defined by Locke (1969) as: a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. It is described as a positive affective orientation towards employment by Muller McCloskey (1990). Job satisfactory is a crucial factor which influences individuals personal appearance in his / her work sphere which can result in increasing or decreasing effectiveness in job duties. As a formal area of research, job satisfaction did not really exist until the mid 1930s although there was a good deal of qualitative research and theorizing about the concept of job satisfaction. These included Freud (1922) who felt that morale acted to suppress negative tendencies, encouraging personal sacrifice and commitment to group goals. Janet (1907) theorized that repetitive work encouraged one to dwell on negative thoughts and cause obsessive thinking. Historically, researchers were interested in job satisfaction as a means of increasing productivity. Scientific management theory assumed that above all things, workers value economic incentives and would be willing to work harder for economic incentives. Taken these two opinions into account it is seen that the lack of personal or moral satisfaction still was not discussed widely. This led to the Hawthorne studies which were carried out by Professor Elton Mayo from the Harvard Business School between 1927 and 1932. This study began by examining the effect of physical conditions on productivity, however in the course of his investigations he became convinced that factors of a social nature were affecting job satisfaction and productivity. This study revealed that the feelings and attitudes of workers affected production rates and this led to him introducing an interview programme to assess the nature of the relationship between methods of supervision and workers attitudes. As a result of these interviews it became apparent that small changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity but further investigations reveled that this increase resulted, not from the changes in conditions, but from the knowledge that workers were being observed. In other words when interest was shown in workers their productivity increased but when this interest was withdrawn , the productivity fell. This later became known as the Hawthorne effect. This research provided strong evidence that people work for other purposes than pay as well and sparked a wave in research into other factors which affect job satisfaction. After these studies and thoughts about job satisfactory, numbers of tools for measuring job satisfaction appear. One of the most commonly used is Maslows theory of human needs (1954). Maslow asserted that human needs emerge sequentially according to a hierarchy of five need levels: physiological, safety, affiliation, achievement and esteem and self-actualization. Maslow argued that the satisfied need was not a motivator of behavior and therefore the importance of higher needs increases as lower needs are satisfied. This was followed by Herzberg et al (1959) who went on to develop a theory of job satisfaction based on Maslows hierarchy and concluded that not all factors increase satisfaction. They conclude that there was a relationship between job satisfaction and certain work behaviors as well as between job dissatisfaction and other work behaviors. Hertzberg concluded that satisfaction and dissatisfaction were two totally different phenomena which develop from distinct sources and h ad differing initial and long term effects on behavior. Hertzberg also found that the factors related to good feelings towards ones job were achievement and recognition, the nature of the work itself, responsibility, advancement and salary. The bad feelings towards the job stemmed from company policy and administration, technical supervision, the question of payment, interpersonal relationships with supervisors and working conditions. Hertzbergs basic proposition is that workers are driven by two different factors; hygiene and motivation factors. Hygiene needs related to the physical and psychological environment in which the work is done while motivational factors relate to the nature and the challenge of the work itself. However, there has been severe criticism of Hertzbergs theory due to its lack of empirical support as well as the very idea of job satisfactory did not provide examples of fairly different job spheres. The job satisfaction of nurses There is a wealth of literature relating to job satisfaction in general management literature and to a lesser extent, in nursing literature. From the moment when job satisfaction became a field of psychological interest, numbers of considerable researches has been done on various aspects of job satisfaction. One of the most notable studies was carried out by the Hay group and it would be mentioned further. Job satisfaction is not easily defined mostly because it means different things to different people. Job satisfaction is multifaceted and can be affected by both internal and external factors. Atchison (2003) lists pay as the most important external factor but states that internal factors such as a good boss, professional development and a nurturing work environment are even more important. This is borne out by the extensive study carried out by the Hay group (1999) of over 500,000 employees in 300 locations where they found that employees rated pay and benefits in only 10th position in the reasons for employee satisfaction. According to Atchison (2003), pay checks are entitlements and not motivators. The only time a pay check is motivating is when there is a threat of loss of the pay check. Atchison (2003) states, that job satisfaction to nurses is unique as what motivates nurses is not so much pay and conditions but rather the well-being of the patient and a sense of a job well don e. What is more, not payment, but the patient is one of the most important figures in nurses job. Even when the patient outcome is not positive a nurse may feel a sense of satisfaction having met the patients needs spiritually, physically and psychologically. This is defined by the Hay group (1999) as Meaningful work, making a difference and is cited as the 3rd most common reason given by employees for wanting to stay with a company. Pay ranked at only 10th place as a reason for staying, though this may vary in other countries depending on nursing conditions, economy, etc. This research lists ten reasons overall (Hay group, 1999): Career growth, learning and development Exciting work, challenging Meaningful work, making a difference Great people Being part of a team Good boss Recognition for job well done Autonomy, sense of control over ones work Flexible work hours and dress code Fair pay and benefits This is re-iterated by Lebbin (2007) who says that many people who work in health care are motivated by improving the health and well-being of their patients. He goes on to state that staff dissatisfaction cannot be fixed by increasing pay and benefits but by the organization addressing its primary goal which is caring. Blegin (1993) found that factors affecting employee satisfaction were: employer commitment, communication with supervisors, autonomy, recognition, and peer communication. This study also found that stress and routinization negatively affected employees satisfaction. Basically, if an employee meets constant stress in work place or the job becomes as a routine, the changes are necessary, and the payment is rarely a sol

Essay --

In the twenty-first century, you would never imagine schools being segregated, but in the 1900’s, most schools in the south were segregated. In 1954, the supreme court ruled that black and white schools had to have the same education and the same working environment. That year a girl named Ruby Bridges was born. Ruby ended up being the first black child to go to an all white school in 1960, 6 years after the supreme court ruled that the schools have to be equal. The schools obviously weren’t equal by 1960 because it made Ruby’s parents put Ruby in a better school. Desegregation of schools in the south did not happen as fast as it should have. The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that segregation of schools is legal under the constitution. Linda Brown was black girl in the third grade and her father wanted to enroll her into an all black school. Her father tried to enroll her but the principal refused. Her father got really angry so he went to the Supreme Court. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court said, â€Å" Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold the ...

Market Equilibrating Process Paper

Market Equilibrating Process Paper Economics helps to understand how our efforts to produce goods and the products themselves are related, including the monetary aspects. On the national level this is macroeconomics and on a more personal level it is microeconomics. According to McConnell, Brue and Flynn â€Å"The market system permits consumers, resource suppliers, and businesses to pursue and further their self-interest. In competitive markets, prices adjust to the equilibrium level at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.The equilibrium price and quantity are those indicated by the intersection of the supply and demand curves for any product or resource. An increase in demand increases equilibrium price and quantity; a decrease in demand decreases equilibrium price and quantity. An increase in supply reduces equilibrium price but increases equilibrium quantity; a decrease in supply increases equilibrium price but reduces equilibrium quantity. † Microeconomics an d Macroeconomics According to Investopedia â€Å"The field of economics is broken down into two distinct areas of study: microeconomics and macroeconomics.Microeconomics looks at the smaller picture and focuses more on basic theories of supply and demand and how individual businesses decide how much of something to produce and how much to charge for it. People who have any desire to start their own business or who want to learn the rationale behind the pricing of particular products and services would be more interested in this area. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the big picture (hence â€Å"macro†). It focuses on the national economy as a whole and provides a basic knowledge of how things work in the business world. Personal Economics According to www. bls. gov â€Å"Accountants and auditors help to ensure that firms are run efficiently, public records kept accurately, and taxes paid properly and on time. They analyze and communicate financial information for various entities such as companies, individual clients, and Federal, State, and local governments.Beyond carrying out the fundamental tasks of the occupation—providing information to clients by preparing, analyzing, and verifying financial documents—many accountants also offer budget analysis, inancial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and limited legal services. † I like my career, I am Accountant and I have been married for 7 years with 2 kids, I see how economics impact commerce; from small businesses, like mini markets or restaurants, to big businesses like Wal-mart or Target, each price variation reflects in a home having less acquisition power of products or services, this is the main reason why studying economics is very important and useful to companies and to myself.According to McConnell, Brue and Flynn â€Å"When price changes, total revenue will change in the opposite direction if demand is price-elastic, in the same direct ion if demand is price-inelastic, and not at all if demand is unit-elastic. Price elasticity of demand is greater (a) the larger the number of substitutes available, (b) the higher the price of a product relative to one’s budget; (c) the greater the extent to which the product is a luxury; and (d) the longer the time period involved. Summary Economics is useful tool for companies and people because we can understand our acquisition power in the market and the companies can make decisions about their future.References: McConnell, Brue and Flynn (2009). Economics: Problems and Policies (18th ed. ). McGraw-Hill http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/microeconomics. asp, Retrieved April12, 2010. http://www. bls. gov, Retrieved April11, 2010.

The Relationship Between The Mind And Body That I Find...

In this paper, I will examine a particular model of the relationship between the mind and body that I find especially attractive: Margaret Cavendish’s Panpsychism. In my discussion of Cavendish’s Panpsychism, I will contrast it with two other models -- namely, Descartes’s Substance Dualism and Hobbes’s Materialism -- to accentuate particular nuances of the model. Next, I will provide reasoning for why I find Cavendish’s Panpsychism so attractive. After, I will consider the strongest argument I believe one could make against my specific support of Cavendish’s Panpsychism; an objection known as the â€Å"Combination Problem.† Finally, I will provide a rebuttal to this objection; one that will render my argument in favor of Cavendish’s Panpsychism even stronger. Margaret Cavendish’s Panpsychism is similar, yet dissimilar, to Panpsychism, as it is generically defined. The generic definition of Panpsychism is the following: à ¢â‚¬Å"the doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe† (Seager). Because Panpsychism fails to provide both a detailed explanation of the nature of the mind and an explanation for how the mind and body interact, it can not be considered a substantive model of the relationship between the mind and body (Skrbina). However, Cavendish succeeds in rendering Panpsychism a substantive model (from here on the word ‘model’ will be an abbreviation for the phrase ‘model of the relationship between the mind and body’). She does so