Formal essay Essay

The therapeutic relationship is an important component of nursing. Nurses use their own awareness of self as a valuable tool to build rapport with patients and develop the therapeutic relationship. This essay will demonstrate the importance of self awareness by discussing how it can be developed, the advantages of self awareness, and the consequences of not practising self awareness in nursing contexts. There are a number of ways that a nurse can develop self awareness. Smith and Jones (2012) suggested that self awareness can be developed by †¦ Johns and Harrison (2009) agreed, but also suggested that †¦ would be useful. However, there was some disagreement with these findings. A research study conducted by Marks and Spencer (2010) found that †¦ Although some of these authors disagreed on the methods of developing self awareness, what they did agree on was the advantages for patients if nurses are self aware. When nurses are self aware, benefits for the patient include †¦ The benefit to communication was stated emphatically by Lewis and Carroll (2008) who found that †¦ Similarly, other authors have noted that †¦ (Brown, & Green, 2009; Butcher, & Baker, 2011). There are also benefits for the nurse who is self aware. For example, †¦ Similarly, healthcare organisations can benefit when their staff are more self aware because †¦ The benefits of self awareness have been clearly demonstrated, but consideration must also be given to what might happen to a therapeutic relationship if nurses are not self aware. If a nurse is not self aware, the ramifications for the therapeutic relationship can be severe. Smith and Jones (2012) reported on an instance where a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse resulted in †¦ They suggested that greater self awareness on the part of the nurse would have †¦ Other possible results of a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse include †¦ (Brown, & Green, 2009). It is therefore clear that poor self awareness on the part of a nurse can severely influence the development of a therapeutic relationship which can adversely affect the outcomes for the patient. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated the importance of nurses having good self awareness if they are to develop effective therapeutic relationships with their patients. The main methods for developing self awareness were reviewed, including †¦ When nurses have developed good self awareness, there are benefits for patients, nurses and health organisations, including †¦ However, if nurses do not have good self awareness, possible adverse influences on the therapeutic relationship and on patient outcomes can include †¦ Thus, it is undeniable that self awareness is a significant skill that nurses need to acquire. Reflection (200 words) There has been an enormous change in my perception of the role and function of nurses since I started university. I initially regarded registered nurses as mainly providers of medication who comfort patients in pain. Moreover, I always thought that patients would be cordial to nurses. The idea that nurses could face violent patients was totally new to me. However, I now comprehend that nurses need to employ effective communication strategies to  coordinate the care of patients and also deal with the possible threat of aggressive patients. As a result of this learning, I have realised that I do not know how to deal with aggressive patients, so I will attend a workshop to start developing skills in this area. I was always under the impression that nurses went into hospital wards and directly commenced treatment. On the contrary, from readings that I have done, I understand that it is important to obtain patient permission before commencing treatment. Some patients make decisions about treatments themselves, while others might consult with family members. This could be for cultural reasons, but I have realised that I lack knowledge about other cultures. Therefore, I will try to learn more about the different cultures of the people with whom I work and study. Andre, K., & Heartfield, M. (2011). Nursing and Midwifery Portfolios: Evidence of Continuing Competence. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier. Bulman, C., & Schutz, S. (2013). Reflective Practice in Nursing. Chichester, UK: WileyBlackwell. Dempsey, J., & Wilson, V. (2009). Thoughtful Practice: Self-awareness and reflection. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege, & V. Wilson (Eds.) Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery. Broadway, NSW: Wolters Kluwer. Johns, C. (2009). Becoming a Reflective Practitioner. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Timmins, F. (2008). Making Sense of Portfolios: A Guide for Nursing Students,Nursing Students. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. Usher, K., & Holmes, C. (2010). Reflective practice: what, why and how. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, & D. Jackson (Eds.) Contexts of Nursing. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier

Ethics and the Professional Code of Conduct Essay

Reasons ethics and integrity are important for a police chief or county sheriff. In today’s society, it is not an easy job being a county sheriff or a police chief. The society has become over-critical of law enforcement and the person on top of the chain of command has fully responsibility of all actions on him/her since there are responsible for making the important decisions as to what is morally upright (Perez & Moore, 2012). How the police relate to the public since they need to have the confidence of the public to ensure community policing work. Ethics and integrity are important to a police chief since they help him make day to day decisions in the police force. Some of the unethical behavior that police officers engage include; theft, over speeding, misuse of public office and excessive use of force. The set code of conduct will help a police chief to deal with the officers who are engaged in unethical behavior without discrimination or corruption. Ethics will help pol ice chief in making important decisions in the force. Assigning duties to different officers will require the chief to follow ethics and assign duties to officers according to their performance and not discriminate other officers. This will ensure there is equality in the force which will greatly contribute to the overall performance of the force. When there is integrity from the seniors other officers will follow suit making the entire force more productive in performing their duties. Ethics and integrity will also help a police chief to report cases from his force with honesty to his seniors. This will ensure that he reports truthfully of all the activities of his county. This will lead to a proper relationship with the seniors and this helps in the positive development of the force. When ethics and integrity are practiced in the force it increases the public confidence with the force which in turn improves the collaboration of the public and police in fighting crime. Difference between ethics, integrity and morality within law enforcement. Integrity refers to the state of feeling whole and unbroken by ones actions. It’s the quality of being honest and morally upright (Killinger, 2010). A police office needs to be honest in his actions and always be willing to tell the truth. He should not be involved in activities that would ruin his integrity and in the process damage his reputation. Ethics refers to a set code of conduct. Each profession has its ethics which are generally accepted standard of what is desirable and undesirable. It is what is considered by the society to be good or bad behavior of a person or an entity. Ethics may also include a defined basis of discipline including exclusion (Bonhoeffer & Clifford, 2005). A police officer should always be ethical and not be involved in activities like excessive use of force or abuse of the public office which is unethical and would ruin the image of the police force to the general public. Morality on the other side refers to the ability of a person to differentiate between right and wrong. This greatly helps police officers while making decisions which are spot on. Officers need to be morally upright to ensure that in all the situations they can differentiate what is right or wrong and take the necessary actions. Ways a police chief or county sheriff should use ethics and the code of conduct in decision making. A police is always presented with decisions in which he has to be ethical when making them. One of them is when assigning duties to other officers. He needs to assign duties to the officers according to their abilities and not to discriminate, example, assigning his friends the simple jobs available. He is needs to be ethical when dealing with the cases which are reported. He should not discriminate if he knows the accused or if they are relatives and all the rules should apply to every criminal regardless of the relation with him. By being ethical, the public level of confidence rises and working with the police becomes easier since there is trust between the t wo (Josephson, 2009). References Bonhoeffer, D., & Clifford J, J. G. (2005). Ethics. Killinger, B. (2010). Integrity: Doing the Right Thing for the Right Reason. Perez, D., & Moore, J. (2012). Police Ethics. Josephson, M. (2009). Becoming an Exemplary Peace Officer: The Guide to Ethical Decision Making.

Holistic approach to long term conditions Essay

Holistic approach to long term conditions - Essay Example The systematic approach in treatment involves addressing the root of the problems and consequent effects. While some health problems are short-term, others are long-term and require continuous medical care to alleviate the effects. In many cases, long-term conditions like stroke require continuous rehabilitation through medication and different forms of therapy. Prior to developing a comprehensive treatment and care plan for patients with terminal ailments, it is imperative to understand the different progression stages of a given disease (Alexander and Runciman, 2006, p. 65). This paper seeks to provide insight into the treatment and care approach that a healthcare professional or caregiver can use for stroke patients. For an all inclusive examination, the manuscript evaluates specific stages of a stroke patient’s journey, including diagnosis, living for today, transition and end of life. These phases are examined not only within the context of their distinctive features, but also on the basis of care measures taken by healthcare professionals and caregivers at each stage. The principal focus, however, is on the living for today phase of stroke management. A holistic approach to caring for stroke patients during this phase, allows healthcare professionals to accord patients, as well as, their families an opportunity to uphold their life quality. Long-term patients usually go through four principal stages of life, that is, diagnosis, sustained living, transition or progression phase and finally the end of life (Donnan and Davis, 2008, p. 78). Even though these stages are not entirely distinct, they all present a vital opportunity for professionals in the medical field and caregivers, to ease the pain and suffering of patients, while making their life as comfortable as possible. These phases and their constituent features are outlined and described briefly in the subsequent sections. The

Hubbards Fruitful Breakfast Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hubbards Fruitful Breakfast - Assignment Example The subsequent sections will henceforth elaborate on the nutritional content and value of the breakfast cereal, its key ingredients, and functions. The final part will highlight the conclusion with brief information regarding the nutritional value of the ‘Hubbard’s Fruitful Breakfast Toasted Muesli.’ Hubbard’s Fruitful Breakfast Toasted Muesli is notably the pioneer muesli for the Hubbard brand of cereals. Evidently, the breakfast cereal is famous for its fruity taste and constituted about 25% of the cereal (Pinaturo, 2007). The fruitful breakfast toasted muesli is a pioneer brand in the New Zealand market that has unique chopped oats. Consequently, it is easier and lighter when consumed. In addition, the sweet fruity flavor is composed of larger chunks that make it not only tasty but enjoyable to kick start the day. The breakfast cereal equally contains a balanced range of nutritional supplements that qualifies it as a healthy breakfast cereal. The cereal is evidently rich in several nutrients that are vital for healthy body growth and development. In relation to the nutritional information provided the energy intake from the cereal it is indicated as 845Kj, 10%, 1690kJ in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g (Pinaturo, 2007). In regards to the protein intake from the cereal it is indicated as 4.9g,10 %, 9.7g in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g. On the other hand, in relation to the total fat intake, it is indicated as 6.0g, 9%, 11.9g in respective relation to the average quantity per serving, percentage daily intake per serving an average quantity per 100g (Pinaturo, 2007).

Civil rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil rights - Term Paper Example You get an ensurity to get involve in political and civil life. These civil rights are made for safety and ensuring the physical integrity of the person like. Beside all these facts these rights protects you from many discriminations like gender, race, nationality, age, speech, mental or physical disability and many more things. By origin civil rights are the major part of global Human Rights. These civil rights are enforceable rights and they are entertained by other people also. This right can be use when you have to take some action against an injury. Some common examples of civil rights are freedom to speech, right to vote, right to equality in public places, press, freedom from involuntary servitude and many more. Example of civil rights: The famous example of civil rights in America is â€Å"civil right act of 1964†. This civil right act was the unique mark of legislation in United States. This act is used to outlaw segregation in schools, employment places and also the public places. This civil right was first conceived to aid African Americans. In this act people also raised their voices to protect women including white people also (George H. Rutland, 2001). Role of FBI agencies in protecting civil rights: A FBI agency is made to do investigation the violation of national law of civil rights. The FBI do his duty seriously because if there is any violation in the civil laws and if any person among us looses any right then the freedom of all of us will be drawn towards danger. Activities of US commissions for enhancing civil rights: US commissions is also doing a regular work on civil rights. The main aim of US commission is to do investigation of complains that are made by people. These complaints are made because many people’s are deprived because of their voting rights on the basis of their race, religion, color, sex, citizenship, age. These complaints are taken by US commissions and then a proper action is taken to solve the problems of a common people. Center of civil rights (CRS): CRC stands for Civil Right Center. This center of civil rights is for the enforcement and administration of different Federal statues, executive orders, regulations which are related to both equal and nondiscrimination opportunities. These three laws based on equal opportunity are: 1. A forbid discrimination based on disability. This law can be specified by different public entities like local and state government. It is also enriched with the programs organized and activated by DOL. 2. A forbid discrimination on different basis of programs and activities. This also receives a financial assistance from DOL or work investment act. 3. The discrimination of forbid employment within the DOL (George H. Rutland, 2001). Benefits of EEOC in civil rights: The civil right of EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) is very much popular. This civil right holds the responsibility that every employee or job applicant must receive equal employm ent without introducing the thoughts of religion, race, sex, color, age, nationality and disability. According to this civil right discriminating against any employee is also illegal. And if any person faces this situation then he can complaint for this and you can be fined heavily for this or have to face a lawsuit. This is a very strong civil right and because of this right people in America are working equally and are enjoying equal payments. Political book: According to political book of America civil rights are considered as normal rights of human

Arab Oil Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arab Oil - Case Study Example The Egyptian and Syrian political leaders, President Anwar Sadat and President Assad had made their final decision to attack Israel on October 6, at 2:00 P.M. As a response to the decision of the Arab leaders, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko began evacuating Soviet civilian personnel and their families from Egypt and Syria. The Soviet Union government headed by Leonid Brezhnev did not fully approve of the decision of these two Arab countries. Israel was headed by Golda Meir during the armed conflict. (Israelyan, 1995) The Yom Kippur, or Ramadan War, which started on October 6, 1973 was due to the frustration of the Arab countries with Israeli failure to evacuate occupied territories and to support UN resolutions. (Morse, 1999) These frustrations had been aggravated by persistent perceptions among Arab leaders that the United States was strongly supporting Israel in violation of the Arab situation. Prime Minister Assad of Syria informed the Soviet authorities that the Syrian and Egyptian leaders had decided to prusue a joint attack against Israel on October 6 at 2:00 P.M. This crucial decision had been made on October 4. Both countries had relied on the Soviet Union for understanding and support. (Israelyan, 1995) The combined military forces of Egypt and Syria attacked Israel during the Yom Kippur which was a religious holiday for Israelis, the Day of Atonement. On the Golan Heights, 150 Israeli tanks battled 1,400 Syria tanks and in the Suez area, about 500 Israeli soldiers faced 80,000 Egyptian soldiers. The Israelis were obviously outnumbered. However, the Israeli army called up reserves and engaged the two countries in strategic counter-offensive military actions. (Morse, 1999) Furthermore, the act of using oil as a weapon was enhanced by the efforts of the five Arab OPEC members on October 17 to enlist the support of the oil ministers of Egypt, Syria, Libya, Bahrain, and Syria in order through a Conference of Arab Oil Ministers. The meeting had a political purpose; the ministers mutually agreed on how to use the oil weapon to encourage the United States to re-examine its unwavering support for Israel and to force the evacuation of occupied territories. The outcome of the October 17 meeting was a resolution specifying the appropriate processes steps need to be taken. Nine countries signed the resolution. The members decided that the oil weapon would be deployed as follows: the nine signatory countries would decrease their oil production levels by at least 5 percent from the actual September 1973 levels. Then in the succeeding months, a similar reduction will be applied. The Arab countries will guarantee that friendly states will not be included in the redu ction.The oil production cuts would continue until Israel had moved out of the occupied territories and the basic and legal rights of the Palestinian people were upheld. The decision on the production cut was then changed on November in which the reduction of oil production were raised to 25 percent below the September level. This was to be followed by another round of 5 percent reduction in December. The different categories of oil-consuming countries were prioritized accordingly. First, the most favored countries would receive their full oil

Jaws and the Growth Machine Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Jaws and the Growth Machine - Movie Review Example At a time when there is little growth of the economy in general and that of cities n particular, it is worth re-looking at the idea of the city as merely an engine for growth. This movie seeks to enlighten us that what binds alll the eople in cities s their desire for growth. This seems a plausible argument because after all, people move to cities to seek employment opportunities and access other services that villages might not offer. Even more provocative however, is the attemt by the movie to suggest that the city mostly serves the interests of a few elite at the expense of the majority. This will be a provocative idea for all of eternity. The idea that people who apply themselves to the same extent cannot reap the full benefits vis a vis some who barely apply themselves is hugely controversial and for good reasons. America is knon as a land of opportunity. Those who work the hardest should be most rewarded! On the whole, this is a controversial movie that is worth watching from time to time. It suggests that the desire for growth seems to have overtaken the desire for equality and fairness. It is even more so because in the current economic climate, brought about by unbrided capitalism, remedies should be sought to correct the ever-growing poverty

Goodfellas Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodfellas - Movie Review Example In this essay I will be looking at how Goodfellas conforms to the Hollywood tradition of using the film noir style in conveying a gangster story, as well as how it differs from the tradition. The story begins by showing a Brooklyn kid's desire to be a gangster as a respected means to the American Dream; a life choice no different from wanting to be a fireman. Of course the boy's parents did not agree and he was starting fires, not putting them out. This was the movies first difference from the film noir approach. This is more light-hearted than usually portrayed by film makers of crime dramas. The story goes on to tell of how the boy forewent normal school to learn the dos and don'ts of the mob. Although crime was definitely shown in Goodfellas, it was presented as being rewarding and mutually beneficial to all involved. It was presented as an opportunity open to anyone smart enough to get involved. That included crossing guards, truck drivers and cops. The narrator referred to it as glories times. Presenting crime with crossing moms from the elementary school, not just rough looking bad guys, reinforced the lighter touch to a crime drama. There was strong comedy included in the beginning and continued throughout the film. When violence was depicted there was a break in the action, often a pause, not to prolong the violence but to somewhat soften the impact or shock value. As most movies do, the music played a memorable role in presenting the scene. The music gave an upbeat to the movie. The songs if heard on the radio will bring the movie to mind. Often in traditional film noir the music catered drama and suspense to the movie. In the tradition of film noir the Goodfellas appealed the public's fascination with criminals and their life style. Goodfellas, is the story of Henry Hill, his family, and associates. Because facts in the story are verifiable, the fascination to the movie was stronger. The main character, Henry Hill was portrayed as a goodfella who simply sold a "little" drugs, cheated a "little" on his wife, lied a "little" to those who trusted him, stole as much as he could, but never really hurt anyone. So he really was not a bad guy. This allowed the audience to give him favor and want to see him come out unscathed. These things were excepted behavior. For most of guys in the movie, killing got to be accepted. Henry never spoke of or was shown killing anyone, which again is not normal film noir style. Another avenue most gangster movies explore is one of cultures. Whether it is an Italian, Irish, Puerto Rican, Mexican, Jamaican, or African gang, cultural differences and traditions are always addressed. Culture was included as part of the traditional film noir style. In this film it was Italian and Irish cultures. It was mentioned throughout the movie to explain a deeper meaning of different scenes. Centered in most gangster movies that follow the film noir style are conflicts involving self interest, morality, legality and the very thin line drawn between them. Goodfellas was not an exception to this rule. This was the theme of the movie. From beginning to the end the narrator spoke of what was acceptable in protecting one's own interest and the interest of the mob. His first pinched was celebrated because he did not rat on his friends. Paulie understood what was done while in prison to

The Properties, Functions and Properties of Smooth Muscles Assignment - 1

The Properties, Functions and Properties of Smooth Muscles - Assignment Example They play an important role, especially in the arterioles, by constricting or dilating the blood vessel thereby controlling the flow of blood. Smooth muscles are also crucial in bigger blood vessels, such as aorta, and enable them to withstand high pressure generated during systole or ventricular contraction. (Clark, 2005, p. 139) These are the muscles under voluntary control. Skeletal muscle is also sometimes referred to as striated muscle but this term should be avoided as cardiac muscle is also a striated muscle and leads to ambiguity. A cell of skeletal muscle is very long, up to 30cm in length, and has a cylindrical shape. The cross section size of these cells is about 10-100 micrometer. It is not surprising that cell of this length has multiple nuclei for support and survival. But these nuclei are not located at the center and rather aligned at the periphery. This is because the contractile components in the cell cytoplasm push these nuclei towards the call border. Skeleton muscles form bulk of a human body and perform various functions. They are essential for locomotion and to perform any movement of the body. Although, skeletal muscles are mostly under voluntary control they also take part in a reflex arc that does not involve the higher centers and, therefore, is an involuntary process. The contracti ons produced by skeletal muscles are forceful and quick as compared to the smooth muscle. (Clark, 2005, p. 139) Cardiac muscle is a specialized tissue perfectly adapted to perform its function. It is the only muscle that is found in the heart. A very special property of a cardiac muscle is that is can contract on its own which mean it does not require an external stimulation.

Implications of Information Technology in Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

Implications of Information Technology in Developing Countries Essay The survival and growth of organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would depend upon effective utilization of information technology for aligning the organizational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How can IT help the organizations in responding to the challenges of an increasingly complex and uncertain environment? How can IT help the organizations achieve the flexible organization structure? These are the topics that remains to be a matter of question for many developing countries. Although Information technology is still a . black box . technology for developing countries, it is largely applied in industrialised countries to the disadvantage of the majority of developing countries. This paper will try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of Information Technology in managing organizational change and its implications for developing countries. 1. Introduction The rate and magnitude of change are rapidly outpacing the complex of theories. economic, social, and philosophical on which public and private decisions are based. To the extent that we continue to view the world from the perspective of an earlier, vanishing age, we will continue to misunderstand the developments surrounding the transition to an information society, be unable to realize the full economic and social potential of this revolutionary technology, and risk making some very serious mistakes as reality and the theories we use to interpret it continue to diverge..-Arthur Cordell(1987). We have modified our environment so radically that we must modify ourselves in order to exist in this new environment..Norbert Wiener(1957) The survival and growth of organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would depend upon effective utilization of information technology for aligning the organizational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How can IT help the organizations in responding to the challenges of an increasingly complex and uncertain environment? How can IT help the organizations achieve the .flexible. organization structure? These are the topics that remains to be a matter of question for many developing countries. This study will try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of Information Technology in managing organizational change and its implications for developing countries. 2. Aspects of Information Technology Information technology (IT) may be defined as the convergence of electronics, computing, and telecommunications. It has unleashed a tidal wave of technological innovation in the collecting, storing, processing, transmission, and presentation of information that has not only transformed the information technology sector itself into a highly dynamic and expanding field of activity creating new markets and generating new investment, income, and jobs- but also provided other sectors with more rapid and efficient mechanisms for responding to shifts in demand patterns and changes in international comparative advantages, through more efficient production processes and new and improved products and services (e.g. replacing mechanical and electromechanical components, upgrading traditional products by creating new product functions, incorporating skills and functions into equipment, automating routine work, making technical, professional, or financial ser vices more transportable). The development of IT is intimately associated with the overwhelming advances recently accomplished in microelectronics. Based on scientific and technological breakthroughs in transistors, semiconductors, and integrated circuits (chips), micro-electronics is affecting every other branch of the economy, in terms of both its present and future employment and skill requirements and its future market prospects. Its introduction has resulted in a drastic fall in costs as well as dramatically improved technical performance both within the electronics industry and outside it (Malone and Rockart, 1993). The continuous rise in the number of features on a single micro-electronic chip has permitted lower assembly costs for electronic equipment (each chip replacing many discrete components), faster switching speeds (thus faster and more powerful computers), and more reliable, smaller, and lighter equipment (fewer interconnections, less power and material). Similar dramatic falls in costs occurred in the transport and steel industries in the nineteenth century and in energy in the twentieth, associated with the emergence of the third and fourth Kondratiev cycles, respectively. The potential effects of microelectronics are thus very far-reaching, for its use in production saves on virtually all inputs, ranging from skilled and unskilled labor to energy, materials, andcapital. All sectors of the economy have been influenced by the development of IT applications: information technology opens up greater opportunities for the exploitation of economies of scale and scope, allows the more flexible production and use of labor and equipment, promotes the internationalization of production and markets, offers greater mobility and flexibility in capital and financial flows and services, and is frequently the precondition for the creation of innovative financial instruments. Information system developments are constantly being applied to increase the productivity, quality, and efficiency of finance, banking, business management, and public administration. In manufacturing, and to some extent in agriculture, many processes have been automated, some requiring highly flexible, self-regulating machines, or robots. The engineering industry has been transformed by computer-aided design and three-dimensional computerized screen displays. The pace of technological change in IT will most likely accelerate the already observable growth in the interdependence of international relations not just economic or financial, but also political and cultural. National economies have become more susceptible to the effects of policy decisions taken at the international level, and domestic economic measures are having increased impacts on economic policies of other countries. World markets for the consumption of similar goods are growing, and so are common lifestyles across national borders. The advance of telecommunications and computerization has recently enabled large companies to use information systems to transmit technical and economic information among numerous computer systems at different geographical locations, subjecting widely dispersed industrial plants to direct managerial control from a central location; this affects the international division of labor and production and international trade, changing the patterns of industrial ownership and control, altering the competitive standing of individual countries, and creating new trading partners. It is the integration of functions that confers on information technology its real economic and social significance. More than just a gradual and incremental technological evolution leading to improved ways of carrying out traditional manufacturing processes (i.e. simply the substitution of new technologies for existing systems and the rationalization of standard activities), IT offers the opportunity for completely new ways of working through systems integration. Rather than applying one item of new technology to each of the production functions now performed at distinct stages of the production process, i.e. design, production, marketing, and distribution (in what could be called stand-alone improvements or island automation), having evolved in to new technologies, i.e. Enterprise Resource Planning systems, IT offers the possibility of linking design to production (e.g. through programmable manufacturing, measuring, and testing equipment responding to the codification of design), planning and design to marketing and distribution (e.g. through a variety of computer aids and databases that sense an d collect changing market trends), production to distribution (e.g. by automatically incorporating orders and commissions by customers and suppliers into the production process), etc. The complete integration of all these production subsystems in a synergistic ensemble is still more a long-term trend than a reality, but use of automated equipment to link together individual items of equipment belonging to hitherto discrete manufacturing operations has already made IT a strategic issue for industry. More technical advances are expected soon in the automation of telecommunications and the linkage of computers by data transmission that will enhance the possibilities of systems integration. Such programmable automation, or computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), has the capability of integrating information processing with physical tasks performed by programmable machine tools or robots. CIM offers radical improvements in traditional problem areas confronting manufacturers, such as: reduced lead time for existing and new products; reduced inventories; more accurate control over production and better quality production management information; increased utilization of expensive equipment; reduced overhead costs; improved and consistent quality; more accurate forecasting; improved delivery performance (Miles et al., 1988). These features characterize information technology as a new technological system, in which far-reaching changes in the trajectories of electronic, computer, and telecommunication technologies converge and offer a range of new technological options to virtually all branches of the economy. Moreover, IT forms the basis for a reorganization of industrial society and the core of the emerging techno-economic paradigm. The reason for the pre-eminence of the new technological system clustered around information technology over the equally new technological systems clustered around new materials and biotechnology is the fact that information activities of one kind or another are a part of every activity within an industrial or commercial sector, as well as in our working and domestic lives. Almost all productive activities have high information intensity (some involve little else, such as banking or education). Further more, along with the premier of internet technology and e-business architectures; powerful concepts like inventory control, supply chain management, customer relationship/service management, and management resource planning through the internet under the name of Enterprise Resource Planning have enabled IT to be capable of offering strategic improvements in the productivity and competitiveness of virtually any socio-economic activity. Other than industrial or commercial sectors, information technology is also applicable in education sector and in public institutions. Thus, Information Technology is universally applicable. Probably only a fraction of the benefits derived from information technology-based innovations have so far been reaped and the rest remain to be acquired in the next decades. The shift towards systems integration to capitalize the full potential benefits of IT requires considerable adaptations, learning processes, and structural changes in existing socioecon omic institutions and organizational systems. The tradition in most current organizations is still to operate in a largely disintegrated fashion, reminiscent of the Ford-Taylorist management approaches that dominated the fourth Kondratiev cycle: high division of labor, increasing functional specialization/differentiation and de-skilling of many tasks, rigid manufacturing procedures and controls, long management hierarchies with bureaucratic decision-making procedures and a mechanistic approach to performance. Under these conditions, use of IT is restricted to piecemeal technology improvements. By contrast, information technology-based systems offer organizations the opportunity of functional integration, multi-skilled staff, rapid and flexible decision-making structures with greater delegation of responsibilities and greater autonomy of operating units, a more flexible and organic approach enabling a quick adjustment to changing environmental conditions. (Piore and Sabel, 1984.) But this means that information management skills require the ability to make choices about the optimal arrangements for particular situations: unlike earlier generations of technology, IT offers not a single best way of organization but a set of more or less appropriate alternative organizing, staffing, and managing options that may be adopted in different organizational contexts. There is no determinism in the way information technology influences the socioinstitutional framework. Therefore, organizational innovation is a crucial part of the requirement for firms to adapt to survive (Miles, 1988). Unfortunately, this is true for all the institutions as well. Further, it is even more dramatic for the organizations in developing countries because of not being able to properly adapt to this so-called .black-box. technology. No matter how frustrating it is interpreted for these countries, IT still has significant impact on their development. Although socio-economic structure of these countries resists organizational or institutional changes, the complex interrelations between these changes and information technologies have significant implications for the way IT does and will affect the societies and economies of developing countries. As a matter of fact, the negative and positive potential impacts of IT on these countries are a matter of great controversy among economists and politicians. The main short term issues usually discussed are the potential erosion of the comparative advantages of low labor costs, particularly in relation to assembly facilities, and the effects of automation, particularly on internal markets and international competitiveness. Implications of information technology for those countries hold great importance. 3. Implications for Developing Countries The first direct effect of the micro-electronics revolution was the location of production for export in third world countries. While production of mainframe computers continued to be located largely in industrialized countries, production of smaller computers and of microelectronic devices, more subject to price competition, was shifted to low-wage locations, mainly in East Asia, where countries presented low wage costs as well as political stability, a docile labor force, and government incentives. Location of production for local and regional consumption followed, but the countries concerned were mainly middle income: three quarters of US investment in third world micro-electronic industries was concentrated in 11 countries, namely the four Asian dragons, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia (Steward, 1991). Export-oriented investments in these countries were associated more with direct foreign investment from larger firms in industrialized countries than with firms producing for the local market; on the other hand, licensing was more associated with smaller firms (Tigre, 1995). The automation of production decreases the relative importance of labor-intensive manufacturing and cost of labor, thereby eroding the competitiveness of low labor costs. For instance, automation led to a sharp decrease in the difference between manufacturing costs of electronic devices between the United States and Hong Kong: in manual processes, manufacturing costs were three times higher in the United States, and the introduction of semi-automatic processes made the difference practically disappear (Sagasti, 1994). Equally, the expansion of automation in Japan has contributed to a reduction of Japanese investments in the Asia/Pacific region involving firms in electronics, assembly parts, and textiles (Sagasti, 1994). The trend to increasing systems optimization and integration is most likely to induce large producers in industrialized countries to bring back a significant share of their production located in developing countries (offshore production). This movement has been called comparative advantage reversal. As integration increases, with functions previously obtained by assembling pieces being incorporated in the electronic components, value-added is pushed out of assembly processes into the components themselves and upwards towards servicing. In addition, the growing technological complexity of electronic devices increases the value of the parts manufactured by firms located in industrialized countries The amount of value-added obtained in offshore assembly has thus been constantly decreasing (Sagasti,1994). Global factories constructed in locations of least cost, often at a considerable distance from final markets, were economically worthwhile because labor was one of the major determinants of costs. Technology and rapid responsiveness to volatile local markets are becoming more important components of competitiveness. The reduction of product cycles due to the growing resistance to obsolescence of programmable machines and equipment has led to a concentration of manufacturing investment in capital-intensive flexible manufacturing, further adding to the erosion of the comparative advantages of developing countries. The assembly of systems will probably continue in some developing countries that have adopted protective legislation for local production targeted at particular market segments (e.g. Brazil), although this is changing very rapidly (Steward, 1991). The types of equipment produced under these circumstances are used largely in internal markets and are hardly competitive on the international level; they tend to be far more expensive than comparable equipment available abroad, and often their installation and use are also more costly because of expensive auxiliary installations, under-use, and lack of management skills. Nevertheless, they may at least provide the country with the capacity to follow the development of information technologies more closely. In other countries, assembly of equipment is taking place from components bought practically off the shelf, but as the level of hardware integration and the amount of software incorporated into the chips (firmware) grow, valueadded will be taken away from the assembly process, reducing or eliminating its economic advantages. The introduction of microelectronics requires certain new skills of design, maintenance, and management, as well as complementary infrastructural facilities such as reliable telephone systems and power supplies. Deficiencies in these factors prevent the widespread adoption of information technology in developing countries (Munasinghe et al., 1985). The more advanced developing countries, with a wider basis of skills and infrastructure and a more flexible labor force, may be in a better position to adopt IT and to increase their productivity and their international competitiveness. But the less developed countries, with inadequate skills and infrastructure, low labor productivity, and lack of capital resources, will find it difficult to adopt the new technologies; they are likely to suffer a deterioration in international competitiveness vis-Ã  -vis both industrialized and the more advanced developing countries (Stewart et al., 1991). Quality, too, requires an adequate level of skills, infrastructure, and managerial know-how that is generally lacking in developing countries. This greatly reduces the synergies, number of options, faster responses, and more informed decisions that can be implemented in the firm by the optimization of the systems performance. In turn, the composition of the labor force existing within firms located in industrialized countries will further improve their systems performance and further reinforce the advantages derived from automation. The proportion of the labor force employed in production is constantly decreasing in the industrialized countries, implying that performances at the systems level and innovation, not manufacturing, are becoming the key to profit, growth, and survival (Sagasti, 1994). Like biotechnology, information technology is a proprietary technology, vital technical information regarding design engineering specification, process know-how, testing procedures, etc., being covered by patents or copyrights or closely held as trade secrets within various electronic firms from industrialized countries. Many companies in the software area do not patent or copyright their products because it entails disclosing valuable information, and firms are generally reluctant to license the more recent and advanced technologies. Therefore, technology transfer takes place mainly among established or important producers, hindering the access to developing countries. Moreover, the main issue facing developing countries is not so much the access to a particular technology but to the process of technological change, because of the dynamism of this process. Sagasti implies this issue in the book The Uncertain Guest: science, technology and development (1994) that recent trends in int er-firm relationships seem to indicate that this access takes place essentially through the participation in the equity of the company holding the technology.

Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems

Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems Ardeliza Lansang Technologies for Intrusion Detection   Ã‚   Prompt: Both firewalls and intrusion detection systems are used to monitor network traffic and implement network security policies. Research these technologies and determine how they are similar and how they differ. Are both needed? Explain your answer in a short paper. (SNHU. n.d.) BRIEF INTRODUCTION: Technology has enhanced our functional lives by providing us with innovations (e.g., stationary and portable devices). It has also developed various modes of communications (e.g., VOiP, video conferencing, email, SMS). These advancements have allowed individuals and business the ability to remain connected with one another continuously and globally, regardless of time and space. Concurrently, the digital or information age has also produced serious network concerns and threats. The prevalent problems range from phishing, scamming, cyber-bullying to network services disruption (such as DoS, or denial of service), information or identity theft and information sabotage. Cyber or Internet crimes have resulted in diminishing or halting productivity. They have also caused victims to suffer physical, mental, emotional and financial loss. To counter ominous risks, various software and hardware products have been manufactured to prevent and combat unauthorized access to the network systems. Implementing the necessary security measures can eliminate or decrease the ongoing vulnerability to cyber violations. In addition to having a stable security infrastructure, it is crucial to raise awareness of any threats among users and to remind them of their responsibilities toward maintaining security or how to work against malicious activities (e.g., secure password, keeping software and the OS current, safeguarding sensitive information, etc.) FIREWALL: A firewall is a hardware or a software (or a combination of both) that sits between a LAN and the Internet. Acting as a barrier between a trusted and an untrusted network, its main function is to filter traffic in a networked environment by blocking unauthorized or harmful activities and permitting authorized communications. By monitoring the incoming and outgoing network traffic, a firewall is fundamentally the first line of peripheral defense against any intrusions.   (Bradley.) A firewall not only enhances the security of a host or a network but also protects and shields the applications, services, and machines that are attached to the network system. By checking data packets, it allows nonthreats to pass through. Conversely, it either drops, erases, denies or returns threats to the sender. (Sherman.) Types of firewalls: Packet filters: Packet filtering is the process of allowing or preventing packets at a network interface by checking destination port number source and destination addresses, and/or protocols. In a software firewall, a packet filter program examines the header of each packet based on a specific set of rules and is either passed (called ACCEPT) or prevented (called DROP). (TechTarget.com.) Stateful inspection This firewall technology (also referred to known as dynamic packet filtering, monitors the state of active connections. Based on this information and by analyzing packets down to the application layer, it determines which network packets to permit passage through the firewall. It monitors and tracks communications packets over a length of time. (TechTarget.com.) Proxys: Proxy firewalls, in combination with stateful inspection firewall perform deep application inspections (e.g., layer 7 protocols such as HTTP, FTP). Unlike stateful firewalls which cannot inspect application layer traffic, proxys can prevent an HTTP-based attack. This process is achieved by making the firewall act as a proxy, i.e., after the client opens a connection to the firewall, the firewall opens a separate connection to the server on behalf of the client (without the clients knowledge). (TechTarget.com.) Benefits of firewall: Protects against routing-based attacks Controls access to systems Ensures privacy Drawbacks of firewall: Difficult to configure Possibility of blocking nonthreats or useful services Could allow back door attack (via modem access) No antivirus protection Possible performance problems (or, cause potential bottleneck) Security tends to be concentrated in a single spot INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS (IDS): An IDS can also be software- or hardware-based, such as a separate computer, that monitors network activity in a single computer, or a specific network or multiple networks within a WAN. It attempts to identify and evaluate a suspected intrusion once it has occurred by signaling an alarm and trying to stop it. It is akin to a smoke detector that raises an alarm at the signs of threat. (Pfleeger and Pfleeger.) It oversees traffic by identifying patterns of activity and comparing the information to attacks that are already listed in the IDS database. For example, detected anomalies are compared with normal levels, i.e., a high level of or a spike in packet size or activity could mean a hacking attack. The technology is typically use to enforce corporate policy and are not configured to drop, delete or deny traffic. It primarily generates warning signals or alarms. (Sherman.) IDS can be network based or host based: NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection Systems), which are placed at a strategic point or points within the network, oversee inbound and outbound traffic among all devices on the network. In this system, anti-threat software is installed only at specific servers that interface between the external environment and the internal network. (TechTarget.com.) HIDS (Host Intrusion Detection Systems), which are conducted on individual hosts or devices on the network, monitor the incoming and outgoing packets from the device only and will signal an alert when suspicious activity is identified.   In this system, anti-threat applications (e.g., firewalls, antivirus and spyware-detection software) are installed on every computer connected to the network system and that has access to the Internet. (TechTarget.com.) Benefits of IDS: Enables the detection of external hackers and internal network-based attacks Can be scaled easily, providing protection for the entire network Accommodates in-depth defense Allows an additional layer of protection Drawbacks of IDS: Produces false reports (positives and negatives) Acknowledges attacks but does not prevent them Expensive to implement, requiring full-time monitoring and highly-skilled staff Requires a complex event-response process Unable to monitor traffic at higher transmission rates Produces a tremendous amount of data to be analyzed Vulnerable to low and slow attacks Cannot deal with encrypted network traffic CONCLUSION: Both firewall and IDS complement one another. While a firewall limits network access to prevent intrusions or watches out for intrusions to prevent them from occurring, it does not signal an attack from inside the network the way an IDS does. While a firewall can block traffic or connection, IDS cannot. It can only alert any intrusion attempts. It monitors attacks and evaluates intrusions that are specifically designed to be overlooked by a firewalls filtering rules. A firewall is analogous to a security guards or personnel at the gate and an IDS device is a security camera after the gate. Another analogy that can be used is that a firewall is akin to installing locks on doors to prevent intrusion; IDS is installing security systems with alarms. (TechTarget.com.) References Barbish, J. J. (n.d.). Chapter 29. Firewalls. Retrieved on March 6, 2017 from https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls.html Bradley, T. (August 21, 2016). Introduction to Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Retrieved on March 6, 2017 from https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-intrusion-detection-systems-ids-2486799 Difference between Firewall and Intrusion Detection System. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.omnisecu.com/security/infrastructure-and-email-security/difference-between-firewall-and-intrusion-detection-system.php Firewall. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/firewall Firewalls. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://csc.columbusstate.edu/summers/Research/NetworkSecurity/security/firewalls.htm Gattine, K. (n.d.). Types of firewalls: An introduction to firewalls. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/tutorial/Introduction-to-firewalls-Types-of-firewalls HIDS/NIDS (host intrusion detection systems and network intrusion detection systems). (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/HIDS-NIDS IDS/IPS Pros and Cons. (n.d.). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from   http://flylib.com/books/en/2.352.1.16/1/ Kurose, J. F., Ross, K. W. (2013). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6th Edition. [MBS Direct]. Retrieved from https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133464641/ Pfleeger, C.P. and Pfleeger, S.L. (March 28, 2003). Security in Networks. .). Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31339seqNum=5 Sherman, F.   (n.d.). The Differences between a Firewall and an Intrusion Detection System. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-firewall-intrusion-detection-system-62856.html Short Paper/Case Study Analysis Rubric. (n.d.). Retrieved on January 7, 2017 from https://bb.snhu.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_107231_1content_id=_14552222_1

college essay -- essays research papers

Accomplishments for my college years My name is NAME. I am Age and I live in WHERE YOU LIVE in fact I have lived here all my life. I am currently attending SCHOOL NAME, which has helped prepare me for my future at a college or university level. I began working with children and youth at a very early age. This began as the leader of recreation summer camps and coaching youth basketball teams, and soon led me to my current career path. When I was sixteen I was very grateful to be approached about designing and implementing a program for youth. It was an excellent experience for me, giving me knowledge and confidence. Over the years I have assisted the gym teachers in my high school and worked with the mentally challenged. They recommedned me for this program because of my athletic ...

Nostradamus Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nostradamus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 16th century, a French doctor and prophet, Michel de Nostradame, was born. He gained his fame when his predictions of the death of King Henry II of France came true. Nostradamus, as he is also known, wrote a ten volume book, The Centuries, filled with prophecies. He became a man that people from all over the world came to see to seek his counsel. Nostradamus had a life filled with many twists and turns and has made many prophecies that have come true during the twentieth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His grandfathers were the first people to notice his display of talent for prophecy when Nostradamus was very young. His grandfathers taught him a wide range of subjects: classical literature, history, medicine, astrology, and herbal folk medicine. At the age of fourteen, he went to study in the city of Avignon. In 1522, at the age of nineteen, he enrolled in the University of Montpellier as a medical student. After only three years, he passed the oral and written examinations for his degree (Hogue 12-5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his medicine license in his hand, Nostradamus went to practice in the countryside, far away from his professors. During the 1500’s, Southern France suffered from a chronic form of the bubonic plague. Nostradamus started going to plague-stricken households to try to help the sick. He followed the plague through Southern France and he never left a town until everyone sick was well (Hogue 15).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus was also a master astrologer who studied the movements of the stars and planets in relation to each other. He believed his gift of sight had â€Å"divine intervention.† He was sought out by wealthy citizens to tell them their horoscopes â€Å"and by their wives for his advice on cosmetics.† (Hogue 15). He wrote a book on the doctors and pharmacists he met throughout his travels in Southern Europe. He would stay with some of them during the day helping them heal the sick. By night, he became their pupil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1529, Nostradamus returned to Montpellier for his doctorate degree. After this he decided to set up a more permanent practice in 1534 in Toulouse. He then decided to move to the town of Agen. He soon became the town of Agen’s most eligible bachelor. In Agen, he married and had two children, a boy and a girl. It was ... ...re money without having any gold and silver to back it up. Some feel that this has been fulfilled and possibly will be fulfilled again in the future. (Hogue 149.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November 22, 1963. The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) in Dallas, Texas. Nostradamus not only saw the death of a man who could have been America’s greatest leader, but he also saw events and people that no one today is certain of, the killers. He gives hints that JFK was to be a great president. One quatrain describes Kennedy as a two term president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus led a very interesting life. I personally believe that he was a wonderful man and could really see into the future. Read his quatrains and you too will be convinced that this man predicted even some of the events that have occurred in mine and your lifetimes, during the 20th century. 6 Works Cited Hogue, John. Nostradamus and the Millennium. New York: Doubleday and Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inc., 1987. Roberts, Henry C. The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus. New York: Nostradamus,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inc., 1979.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Marketing Essay -- Papers

Marketing Different Companies have different methods of selling their products, some companies decide to launch an item and wait for the results of the sales. Another method of selling a product is to research the market in which it is to be sold. There are various ways of conducting some market research, much depends on the item you wish to sell, the time you may have to research and the amount of money that is available. People who are expected to be consumers may be approached in order to recognise their needs, this may be done through questionnaires verbally by post or by phone once their needs are recognised it will be clearer what to provide for them. Research into the companies' product may provide information into potential competition and pricing the product. Price is of obvious importance for maximum sales and maximum profit. Researching the market may suggest that a sample should be circulated in order to address and amend any issues for example if it is an edible product the taste and smell must be considered if it is an electrical product the functions may be considered is it user friendly or practical or too complicated the right product with the wrong design will not sell and cold turn a potential profit into a potential loss. Studying peoples buying patterns will unveil ideas as to where this product should be sold, where people are more likely to buy them the consumer will have to be targeted and the product strategically planned in order to sell e.g. Haagen Dazs Good market research and prompt recognition and coherence will allow the producers to adopt relevant selling strategies and the ability to ... ...oduce enough in June 1994 and therefore decided not to use any advertising promotions. This may have been avoided if primary research had been done earlier to see what the demands of the consumers were, and the forecast of the weather. The product proved to be successful and ultimately that is what produces profits. Walls chose to conduct little primary research it may be that it was not required as Solero was a success, but it may also suggest that Walls missed out on profits of one month in an exceptionally hot summer because of lack of primary research Also arguably, Walls set out to repeat the success of Magnum in the indulgence sector but according to the impulse-positioning map Solero is purchased as refreshment and not indulgence does this mean that there is still room for a product in the indulgence sector?

The Method of Teaching Conroy’s Used

The â€Å"Water is Wide† takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy†s goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children†s lives. Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry†s. The Skimberry†s were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida. When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could â€Å"trick or treat.† None of the kids even knew what â€Å"trick or treating† was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly. This was the best book I have read in a long time. The one part I did not really like was how it did not really tell when the story took place. I also did not like all the description. I think people of all ages should read this book. The Method of Teaching Conroy’s Used The â€Å"Water is Wide† takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy†s goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children†s lives. Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry†s. The Skimberry†s were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida. When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could â€Å"trick or treat.† None of the kids even knew what â€Å"trick or treating† was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly. This was the best book I have read in a long time. The one part I did not really like was how it did not really tell when the story took place. I also did not like all the description. I think people of all ages should read this book.

Non Conformity and Society Essay

Even though an overwhelming number of people believe that law and its implementation is the decisive factor that determines the success of a society. But is this generalization justified? Tim Li explores whether this idea is reality or just another myth. A society is based on a system of rules and regulations which all individuals are expected to abide by. Conformity, in general, means to go in accordance with those rules that govern our society. For instance, a group is going for camping; now that group cannot function if each of their individual members do not display a reasonable extent of conformity. This e.g. implies that even though the literal meaning of conformity remains the same, the way the people embrace it changes. To a large extent on conformity is needed for the success and improvement of a society. In the following article, I will explain conformity by discussing about Copernicus, Euthanasia and the growth of science. About 600 years ago, the church was considered law. No one could defy its teachings and whosoever did so was publicly beheaded. One of the theories of the church was that the earth was the center of the universe and that other planets revolved around it. Copernicus was a genius who had a great interest in astronomy. It was he who stated that the sin was the hub around which all other planets revolved. In this case Copernicus was a non conformist i.e. he believed in something that was against the religious teachings/implications of the church, but his being non conformist was the sole cause of the development of a theory that bought about a great change in the scientific perspective of astronomy. At present a very serious issue has jumped into the consideration and thinking of the society. The government is pondering on whether to accept the growing numbers of Euthanasia or to deny them. Euthanasia is when people suffering from long term chronic .are non conformist i.e. who don’t want to live are benefited more than other people suffering from the same types of diseases. Here conformity does not help, or in other words, it is better to be a non conformist. Science too, plays a decisive role on our changing society. It surrounds us completely, from a common light bulb to aero planes and space travel. In short, a society cannot function without science. A critical analysis of science suggests that new discoveries in science break laws on which our older societies and generations are built on. E.g. Until the 1900’s everyone believed that man cannot fly, but now science has broken that barrier, it is therefore a non conformist in relation to that law which was dominant at that time. Revolutionary research into stem cells has prompted a heated ethical debate between the church and the scientific faction. So, if this situation is examined, the church has always seen science as a ‘hard core’ criminal but that form of science is needed for the mere existence of a society. All these arguments reinforce the original statement that some degree of non conformity is needed for a successful society. Although too much conformity means the elimination of all crimes, it also implies the abrupt stop in scientific technology and I can’t live in Stone age, can you?

Accounting Test 2

Exam Chapters 3,4,7 Student: 1. Which of the following is the correct formula to compute the predetermined overhead rate? A. Estimated total units in the allocation base divided by estimated total manufacturing overhead costs. B. Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs divided by estimated total units in the allocation base. C. Actual total manufacturing overhead costs divided by estimated total units in the allocation base. D.Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs divided by actual total units in the allocation base.2. Which of the following would probably be the least appropriate allocation base for allocating overhead in a highly automated manufacturer of specialty valves? A. Machine-hours B. Power consumption C. Direct labor-hours D. Machine setups3. Which terms will make the following statement true? When manufacturing overhead is overapplied, the Manufacturing Overhead account has a __________ balance and applied manufacturing overhead is greater than __________ manufacturing overhead.A. debit, actual B. credit, actual C. debit, estimated D. credit, estimated4. Daguio Corporation uses direct labor-hours in its predetermined overhead rate. At the beginning of the year, the total estimated manufacturing overhead was $224,580. At the end of the year, actual direct labor-hours for the year were 18,200 hours, manufacturing overhead for the year was underapplied by $12,100, and the actual manufacturing overhead was $219,580. The predetermined overhead rate for the year must have been closest to: A. $11. 40 per machine-hour B. $12. 34 per machine-hourC. $12. 06 per machine-hour D. $10. 53 per machine-hour5. Crinks Corporation uses direct labor-hours in its predetermined overhead rate. At the beginning of the year, the estimated direct labor-hours were 11,200 hours and the total estimated manufacturing overhead was $259,840. At the end of the year, actual direct labor-hours for the year were 10,800 hours and the actual manufacturing overhead for the year was $254,840. Overhead at the end of the year was: A. $4,280 overapplied B. $9,280 overapplied C. $9,280 underapplied D. $4,280 underapplied6.Washtenaw Corporation uses a job-order costing system. The following data are for last year: Washtenaw applies overhead using a predetermined rate based on direct labor-hours. What predetermined overhead rate was used last year? A. $3. 55 per direct labor-hour B. $3. 25 per direct labor-hour C. $3. 08 per direct labor-hour D. $3. 36 per direct labor-hour7. A company should use process costing, rather than job order costing, if: A. production is only partially completed during the accounting period. B. the product is manufactured in batches only as orders are received.C. the product is composed of mass-produced homogeneous units. D. the product goes through several steps of production.8. Which of the following characteristics applies to process costing, but does not apply to job order costing? A. The need for averaging. B. The use of equivalent units of production. C. S eparate, identifiable jobs. D. The use of predetermined overhead rates.9. The cost of beginning inventory under the weighted-average method is: A. added in with current period costs in determining costs per equivalent unit for a given period. B. gnored in determining the costs per equivalent unit for a given period. C. considered separately from costs incurred during the current period. D. subtracted from current period costs in determining costs per equivalent unit for a given period.10. The Nichols Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The company recorded 29,500 equivalent units for conversion costs for November in a particular department. There were 6,000 units in the ending work in process inventory on November 30, 75% complete with respect to conversion costs.The November 1 work in process inventory consisted of 8,000 units, 50% complete with respect to conversion costs. A total of 25,000 units were completed and transferred out of the departm ent during the month. The number of units started during November in the department was: A. 24,500 units B. 23,000 units C. 27,000 units D. 21,000 units11. Diston Company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The first processing department, the Welding Department, started the month with 18,000 units in its beginning work in process inventory that were 30% complete with respect to conversion costs.The conversion cost in this beginning work in process inventory was $44,820. An additional 90,000 units were started into production during the month. There were 21,000 units in the ending work in process inventory of the Welding Department that were 10% complete with respect to conversion costs. A total of $677,970 in conversion costs were incurred in the department during the month. What would be the cost per equivalent unit for conversion costs for the month? (Round off to three decimal places. ) A. $8. 112 B. $8. 300 C. $7. 533 D. $6. 10812.Sanchez Corporation uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system. The Fitting Department is the second department in its production process. The data below summarize the department's operations in March. The Fitting Department's cost per equivalent unit for conversion cost for March was $8. 66. How much conversion cost was assigned to the units transferred out of the Fitting Department during March? A. $480,630 B. $450,320 C. $444,258 D. $510,94013. Designing a new product is an example of (an): A. Unit-level activity. B. Batch-level activity. C. Product-level activity. D. Organization-sustaining activity.14. McCaskey Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with the following three activity cost pools: The Other activity cost pool is used to accumulate costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs: The distribution of resource consumption across activity cost pools is given below: The activity rate for the Fabrication activity cost pool is closest to: A. $1. 65 per machine-hour B. $4. 00 per machine-hour C. $0. 0 per machine-hour D. $2. 40 per machine-hour15. Christiansen Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with the following three activity cost pools: The Other activity cost pool is used to accumulate costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs: The distribution of resource consumption across activity cost pools is given below: The activity rate for the Order Processing activity cost pool is closest to: A. $676 per order B. $780 per order C. $560 per order D. $312 per order16.Bossie Corporation uses an activity-based costing system with three activity cost pools. The company has provided the following data concerning its costs and its activity based costing system: How much cost, in total, would be allocated in the first-stage allocation to the Assembly activity cost pool? A. $196,33 3 B. $209,000 C. $310,000 D. $155,00017. Spendlove Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing system: The company makes 430 units of product S78N a year, requiring a total of 1,120 machine-hours, 40 orders, and 30 inspection-hours per year.The product's direct materials cost is $49. 81 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 34 per unit. The product sells for $129. 90 per unit. According to the activity-based costing system, the product margin for product S78N is: A. $4,116. 50 B. $29,132. 50 C. $6,180. 50 D. $5,161. 3018. Wecker Corporation uses the following activity rates from its activity-based costing to assign overhead costs to products: Data concerning two products appear below: How much overhead cost would be assigned to Product V09X using the activity-based costing system? A. 157. 87 B. $91,722. 47 C. $10,385. 22 D. $5,485. 5019. The balance in the Work in Process account equals: A. the balance in the Finished Goods inventory account. B. the balance in the Cost of Goods Sold account. C. the balances on the job cost sheets of uncompleted jobs. D. the balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account.20. Overapplied manufacturing overhead occurs when: A. applied overhead exceeds actual overhead. B. applied overhead exceeds estimated overhead. C. actual overhead exceeds estimated overhead. D. budgeted overhead exceeds actual overhead.

Criminal: Snatch Theft Essay

Snatch theft is becoming a serious issue nowadays. During the months of June and July 2004, the local media, especially the press, have been replete with reports of crime and violence in Malaysia. There have been many reports of snatch thefts which has given a great impact to the society. Police statistics on these crimes indicate that they are on the rise. Therefore, there is a sense of anxiety, even panic and fear in the air. see more:snatch theft essay The seriousness of this crime can be proven when on January 29th, 2005, the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi himself has addressed throughout the country his curious concern on the rise of the crime and the need to implement more severe punishments. There are lots of articles in the newspapers and on the internet to show the seriousness of the offence of snatch theft. On January 30th 2005, our nation’s leading newspapers, namely Berita Minggu and The Star had reported snatch theft crimes, which had happened near Ipoh, Perak. The suspect had snatched the bag from a sixty year old woman at a shopping mall at Jalan Kampar, as the woman was walking to her car. The twenty year old thief, who had tried to escape in his car, also knocked down a man, who suffered minor injuries. The suspect ran through the traffic lights and collided with two cars. This has caused him to lose control of his vehicle, which then hit the road sign. The suspect then was detained. The second example of this snatch theft crime happened on January 9th 2005. Berita Minggu had reported another snatch theft incident, where two female students were injured after their motorcycle crashed into a concrete drain while escaping from a snatch criminal. The suspect had followed the girls with a motorcycle on their way after attending tuition class. In another case, on June 10th 2004, Ros Saliza Burhan, a factory worker on her way waiting for the bus was followed by two men on a motorcycle. Failed to snatch the victim’s bag, the criminal had used force against her by stabbing her three times so that she will release her bag. The victim fainted because of the injury. Those were just among a few cases occur in our country. There are other cases, which cause a more terrifying result such as death, grievous hurt, shocked and so forth. The seriousness of this offence can be seen when Chin Wai Fong died in Brickfields in May when she fought back against a snatch thief. Then Chong Fee Cheng fell, went into a coma and died while resisting a snatch thief in Johor Baru in mid-June. This was followed by the killing of Rosli Mohamed Saad who had gone to the aid of an Indonesian woman whose bag was snatched in Ampang in June 29. The newspapers also carried statistics on the number of snatch thefts. Relying on police statistics, Penang Chief Minister Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Koon revealed that there had been a total of 515 cases of snatch thefts in Penang between January and May 2004. Meanwhile the Perak Chief Police Officer reported a total of 374 cases of snatch thefts in his state during January to May 2004. With all the examples and discussions given, the issue of whether or not the crime of â€Å"snatch theft† should be separated from the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† will impose a lot of legal discussion in order to ensure public safety. The main and crucial issue to be discussed here is that whether the offence of â€Å"theft† and â€Å"robbery† sufficiently address the offence of â€Å"snatch theft†. In other words, whether or not the elements of the two offences, which are already in the Penal Code are sufficient to be raised for a person who commits snatch theft. In order to tackle this issue, the elements of â€Å"theft†, which is under section 378 of the Penal Code and the elements of â€Å"robbery† which is under section 390 of the Penal Code have to be analyzed one by one. First and foremost, we would like to discuss the elements of â€Å"theft† which is under section 378 of the Penal Code. The said pr ovision defines theft as â€Å"Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft†. Basically, from the definition, there are five elements of â€Å"theft†. The first element is dishonesty. It is defined under section 24 of the Penal Code as â€Å"Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, irrespective of whether the act causes actual wrongful loss or gain, is said to do that thing â€Å"dishonestly†.† This shows that the important thing is to determine whether or not there is an intention to cause wrongful gain or wrongful loss to the other person. What is â€Å"wrongful gain† and â€Å"wrongful loss† then? It is further defined in section 23 of the Penal Code, whereby a person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of the property. Since dishonesty requires the intention to wrongfully gain or lose, the intention must exist at the time of moving of the property. This is because, it is not theft if there is no intention at the time of taking of the property . The authority for the first element can be seen in the case of Raja Mohamed v. R whereby the principle is that there must be an intention to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of another person without that person’s consent in order to constitute theft. Meaning to say, it is sufficient that the person, who has such dishonest intention moves the property in order to such taking. In addition, it is not necessary to move such property in order to move out of the possession of the other person. Next, the second element is that the person must take without consent. It means that there must be an intention to take another’s property without consent. The important point here is how the accused conceives of the situation whether or not the person whose property is taken would consent to it. In other words, this element depends on the mind of the owner of the property. In the situation when a person consents, then the actus reus of theft is not fulfilled and therefore there is no theft. The third element is to take out of possession. It means that the property must be taken or moved out of the possession. If the accused has a dishonest intention and moves the property, then he is said to move the property out of possession. It is to be noted here that theft is an offence against possession and not of ownership. Therefore, the offence is against the person who is in possession. A possession for the purpose of theft relates to movable property and movable property, which is lost or abandoned may not be in any possession of any person. However, when it is neither lost nor abandoned, even if it is then placed in the possession of someone else, the possession may still remain with the true owner. Subsequently, the fourth element is movable property. What is â€Å"movable property† is defined under section 22 of the Penal Code, which states that the words â€Å"movable property† are intended to include corporeal property of every description. Except land and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth. It means that as long as the thing is attached to the earth, therefore it is not movable. Furthermore, a thing attached to the earth is not movable and cannot be a subject of theft until it has been severed from the earth. Land within the meaning of section 22 of the Penal Code does not include soil from the land. However, when it is dug out of the land, it is then known as movable property. In the case of Lim Soon Gong & Ors., the respondents were charged with committing theft of sand from the foreshore. The principle of this case regarding the fourth element is that sand, which has been dug out from the foreshore is a movable property. Eventually, the final element of theft is there must be a moving of the property. It means that the property must be moved out of possession. This can be seen in the authority of Raja Mohamed v. R, the accused had removed boxes containing two dozens of glasses from the company’s ground floor storeroom. He was charged of convicting theft. The principle of this case is that it is sufficient if the person had formed a dishonest intent ion and moves the property in order to such taking. Moreover, it is not necessary to move the property fully out of possession in order to commit theft. Having fulfilled all the five elements under section 378 of the Penal Code, the accused then can be held liable for committing theft. Section 379 of the Penal Code further provides the punishment for theft, whereby one can be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or with fine or both. It further adds that for a second or subsequent offence, one shall be punished with imprisonment and also be liable to fine or whipping. The question to be asked is whether the offence of â€Å"snatch theft† can fall under the offence of â€Å"theft† under section 378 of the Penal Code. It seems like it is insufficient as when snatch theft is committed, there will be the element of force on the person who is being snatched, whereas the elements of theft are more mild in the sense that there is nothing in the provision states that there is a use of force or further may result to a more critical situation such as death. Thus, this will make the punishment for theft does not suit the offence of snatch theft. Snatch theft as being said earlier can cause injury to the other person and it can even come to the extent of causing death to the other person. Besides that, there also should be an element of force. These elements seem do not present in the elements of theft. Thus, we submit that the offence of â€Å"theft† does not sufficiently address the offence snatch theft as snatch theft is more serious and causes more severe injury as compared to theft. Having discussed the elements of â€Å"theft†, we will go into details the offence of â€Å"robbery† in order to come to the conclusion of whether or not it is sufficiently address the offence of snatch theft. Section 390 of the Penal Code which is regarding the offence of â€Å"robbery† will be analyzed. Clause (1) of the said provision states that in all robbery there is either theft or extortion. In other words, for the offence of robbery to arise, either the two main elements, which are theft or extortion has to exist. Section 390(2) states that theft is â€Å"robbery† if, in order to commit theft, or in committing the theft, or in carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the offender, for that end, voluntarily causes or attempts to cause to any person death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or fear of instant death, or of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint. Section 390(3) defines extortion as robbery, if the offender, at the time of committing the extortion, is in the presence of the person put in fear and commits the extortion by putting that person in fear of instant death, of instant hurt, or of instant wrongful restraint to that person or to some other person, and, by so putting in fear, induces the person so put in fear then and there to deliver up the thing extorted. In other words, robbery is theft or extortion in an aggravated form. Hence, the elements of theft or extortion must be present in addition to the aggravated circumstances set out in robbery. Section 390 provides for the circumstances when theft constitutes robbery. The words â€Å"for that end† in section 390 must relate to the commission of theft. Hence where an assault has no relation to the theft, robbery is not committed. If, for example, the accused first assaulted the complainant and then subsequently formed an intention to take his watch, he cannot be liable for robbery but only for theft. The crucial point under the offence of robbery is to determine the meaning of the word â€Å"for that end†. The force or threat of force must be for the purpose of committing theft and carrying away the property. In Karuppa Gounden, it was held that â€Å"the word ‘for that end’ in section 390, Penal Code, cannot be read as meaning in those circumstances†. It was held by the Lahore Court in Karmun that, â€Å"†¦before a person can be convicted of robbery the prosecution must prove that hurt was caused in order to the committing of the theft or in committing the theft or in carrying away or attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. The hurt contemplated must be a conscious and voluntary act on the part of the thief for the purpose of overpowering resistance on the part of the victim, quite separate and distinct from the act of theft itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the other case of Bishambhar Nath v. Emperor AIR, the principle is that in order to commit theft of the cash or in committing the theft of cash for carrying away or attempting to carry away property obtained by the theft, the accused for the theft voluntarily caused or attempted to cause hurt. The word â€Å"for that end† clearly means that the hurt caused by the offender must be with the express object of facilitating the commission of theft or hurt must be caused while the offender was committing theft or in carrying away or in attempting to carry away the property obtained by the theft. It does not mean that the assault or hurt must be caused in the same transaction or in the same circumstances. In Nga Po Thet, the essence of robbery is that the offender must cause death, hurt or wrongful restraint or fear of death, hurt or wrongful restraint in the commission of theft or in carrying away the property obtained by theft. The punishment for robbery is stated in section 392 of the Penal Code, whereby it shall be punished for a term which may extend to ten years and shall be liable to fine. In addition, if the robbery is committed between sunset and sunrise, the imprisonment may be extended to fourteen years and shall also be liable to fine or whipping. From the discussion of robbery as in section 390 of the Penal Code, the offence of robbery seems to satisfy some elements of snatch theft. As what has been said earlier, the offence of snatch theft involves the elements of force and the consequences of the act will lead to a severe injury to the victim and sometimes it may lead to death of the victim. In fact, section 390 is being used for the time being as to replace the offence of snatch theft which is not in the Penal Code yet. This shows that snatch theft is very dangerous to the public at large as the offence is nearly similar to the elements of the offence of robbery under section 390. The punishment for snatch theft is as the same as the punishment for robbery under section 392. This again proves that snatch theft is a serious crime. However, we strongly think that there must be an element of force in snatch theft. This is because when a person snatches another person’s handbag, there is an existence of force used against the other person. This is because, when a person wants to grab the other person’s bag, it will happen fast. When this happens, the other person will be hurt and injured as there is force used against him or her. In other words, force and hurt will tend to exist simultaneously when a person commits the offence of snatch theft. In the current situation, the Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister Datuk Noh Omar has clarified in Parliament that the Police, since early 2004, had resorted to using the Emergency Ordinance (Crime Prevention & Public Safety) 1969 against snatch thieves â€Å"if the Police is convinced that the suspects had committed the offence†. Under the Ordinance, those suspected may be held for sixty days after which the Internal Security Minister could decide to detain them for up to two years without trial. The Deputy Internal Security Affairs Minister further clarified that the Police would also charge snatch thieves under sections 392, 394 and 397 of the Penal Code, which allows for caning, jail terms (up to twenty years if armed, under section 394), apart from imposing fines. This last step is in line with the suggestions of another politician, Karpal Singh, who called for amendments to sections 392 and 394 of the Penal Code to impose mandatory whipping of not less than six stro kes. It was also the suggestion of Wong Sulong in his Editorial in The Star on June 15th, 2004. Since there is still no laws imposed on snatch theft, it is to be tabled in the year 2005. The Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Datuk Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad said a Bill dealing specifically with snatch theft offences would be tabled in Parliament in July, 2005. He added that, under the new law, the offenders could be imprisoned between seven and twenty years and whipping could be included as part of the punishment. Currently in the Penal Code, there is no special provision for snatch theft besides the separate charges for theft and robbery, which carry a maximum jail sentence of seven and twenty years respectively. He further added that the law would be effective by the end of the year 2005 if everything goes smoothly. The need of having a special law for snatch theft is due to the many reported cases of victims being killed or seriously injured. This shows that the offence of snatch theft is indeed a serious crime.

Understanding Inclusive Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Understanding Inclusive Education - Essay Example Hence, according to Ferguson, the biggest challenge of the time is to have learning opportunities available to every one and all the time, no matter where the learner resides and what kind of physical fitness he possesses. Thomazet (2009) discusses, in his research, the important of inclusive education. According to him, inclusive education means providing learning opportunities to students with special needs in ordinary institutes. He asserts that inclusive education tends to integrate such differentiating practices that â€Å"allow children and adolescents, whatever their difficulties or disabilities, to find in an ordinary school an educational response, appropriate in its aims and means, in ways that do not differentiate between them and the other pupils of the school† (2009: 563). Such practices make the school inclusive, and benefit the students in a myriad of ways. All special needs are catered to, as the school and the educators take the responsibility of including the student in every activity and learning process. Inclusiveness is the next step to integration, states Thomazet (2009). Forlin et al. (2009) conducted a research regarding demographic differences in changing pre?service teachers’ attitudes, sentiments and concerns about inclusive education. The researchers conducted their study on an international data set of 603 pre?service teachers to determine how their demographics changed their attitudes toward inclusive education, and found that inclusive classrooms have raised the need for teachers of regular schools to get prepared to teach diverse student population. The researchers emphasized the importance of teacher training, because they thought that teachers were the primary initiators of inclusive educators. According to them, it is... This paper approves that dyslexia is a learning disability, and teaching dyslexic children in mainstream schools involves specially designed teaching strategies. It is important to understand the problems of such children in classroom, in order to plan lessons accordingly. Such children with special needs require special support with their learning styles. This essay makes a conclusion that it must be said that children with special needs require the same level of attention, or perhaps even more, as their normal peers. They must be given the same level of educational services, and must be provided necessary modification in their instructional process, so that their learning may be enhanced. Including children with special needs or with learning/physical disabilities in learning and performing in classrooms can be a very challenging task for teachers. It is crucially important to encourage inclusive education, in which the classroom is converted into such a learning environment where students with special needs are encouraged to learn and develop self-confidence, without having to face ridicule. Holistic environment in classroom setting and learning style assessment are the most important inclusive practices that must be ensured in order to provide equal learning opportunities to students belonging to all age and capability categories. In short, this paper pondered upon the concept of inclusive education in great detail, and focused on the fact that inclusive education must be ensured in order to improve the level of education of a country. This paper can prove to be very helpful as a guide toward inclusive education for educators, students, and parents.